Single chapter: Autonomous driving knowledge (no subscription required)

To popularize science, I have compiled some pictures. If you are interested, take a look and you will probably know something.

Different organizations have different classification standards for autonomous driving: the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) divides autonomous driving into five levels, while the Society of Automatic Engineers (SAE) divides autonomous driving into six levels: L0 to L5.

Levels, the classifications of L0, L1, and L2 are the same for both. The difference is that NHTSA's L4 is subdivided into L4 and L5 by SAE.

SAE standards are mostly adopted in China.

L0: No automatic configuration, the driver drives the vehicle entirely by himself, and there is no active safety configuration (no ABS or anything).

——This type of car has almost disappeared from the market. Safety is emphasized all over the world, and it is basically impossible to sell a car without any active safety configuration.

L1: Driving assistance. The vehicle has certain functions to assist the driver in performing specific tasks of lateral or longitudinal vehicle movement (but not at the same time completing complex tasks such as merging and overtaking). The driver assumes most of the vehicle control capabilities.

——Cars with the most basic functions such as cruise control and ABS brakes are commonly available on the market. Before Tesla appeared, 99% of the world's cars were of this kind.

L2: Advanced driving assistance. The vehicle has certain capabilities to assist the driver in performing vehicle movement tasks including lateral and longitudinal (the vehicle can autonomously complete specific complex tasks), but the driver needs to monitor the vehicle in real time to complete these tasks.

L3: Autonomous driving in specific scenarios (ODD). When the vehicle is performing "dynamic driving" (DDT), with the owner's consent, the automatic driving system (ADS) can completely intervene in the vehicle's driving. Of course, the owner can control the vehicle's automatic driving at any time.

Correct errors that occur while driving.

——The vehicle can realize autonomous driving in specific scenarios (high speed, low speed, parking), but the owner needs to monitor it in real time. Unlike L2, this is a complete set of end-to-end processes (End to End), not called out while driving.

task.

L4: Advanced autonomous driving. All operations when the vehicle is driving are realized through the autonomous driving system. In the execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle has no illogical behavior (no errors) and does not require the owner's intervention at all.

——The vehicle can complete autonomous driving in specific scenarios without the need for a car owner. It is a bit like a fully automatic subway. The whole world is thinking about how to achieve L4. Scientists have been researching this field for a long time and have been fantasizing about this for a long time.

L5: Regardless of whether it is in a specific execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle can reach the destination through autonomous driving without the owner's operation.

——Autonomous driving that can be on call anytime, anywhere, and you don’t even have to enter the parking lot, the ultimate goal of transportation.

Below are some pictures, open them to see.

1)Grading chart

2) Radar function diagram

3) System industry chain diagram

4) Camera and radar performance comparison chart
Chapter completed!