Speaking of the politics of the Song Dynasty, those who were powerful ministers, even emperors of all dynasties, were inseparable from reforms, mainly from the reforms of the two dynasties of Qingli and Xining, one involved the official system and the other involved the tax system. Since Song Renzong/Fan Zhongyan, Song Shenzong/Wang Anshi broke the many obstacles and initiated the reforms, they have created strong opposition from the conservatives. From then on, the basic ruling order of the Song Dynasty generally deviated from the regular track of rational governance. Those efforts to change some laws to improve the ruling conditions and governance efficiency have become a life-and-death struggle between the ministers of the reformers and the conservatives, completely deviating from the reformers or the system remains unchanged.

The original intention was that if the ministers and ministers did not stand in the court and prefectures and counties from the current dynasty to the local government, they would not be able to stand in the court and prefectures and counties. This situation became the norm of the Song Dynasty, which made the Song Dynasty from a relatively stable and prosperous dynasty to a chaotic internal affairs, weak and incompetent externally, seemingly orderly but insanely chaotic political entity. A seemingly huge behemoth collapsed like a paper house when encountering foreign enemies. The result was that the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty and suffered the shame of Jingkang. The Southern Song Dynasty was humiliated and tried to survive for a while, but could not escape the defeat. As a result, the land was sinking to the bottom of the sea and was buried by the Yuan Dynasty in the South China Sea.

This does not mean that the demise of the Song Dynasty was caused by reform, but that the fundamental flaws of the Song Dynasty system were exposed around the reform. This fundamental flaw was revealed from the superficial contradictions such as reform and opposition to reform, allowing the parties to show their ugliness, and allowing the fundamental system of the Song Dynasty to show that it is incapable of self-correcting and making necessary adjustments in a timely manner. In the end, it had to die with these flaws with the two Song Dynasty political system it wanted to maintain.

This article is one of the basic preparations for my work "Yue Fei Resurrection and Wu Mu Become the Great". Since the founding of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty has formulated a unique system as one of the measures to revive the ill-fighting policies of the previous dynasties. These systems are the basic principles of the Song Dynasty's rule, success is their contribution, and failure is their responsibility. This is an undeniable fact, and therefore it has become the background of any historical passerby during the Song Dynasty. This is especially true for all the figures who have close ties with him. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the background of this era. This article will try to complete the following explanations: (1) An overview of the basic system of the Song Dynasty, (2) Which systems are involved in the reform? Is it a change in the existing system or the newly added laws to try to fill in the shortcomings of the original system.

1. Basic system of the Song Dynasty

Political system of the Song Dynasty

In order to prevent the separatist rule of the vassal states of the late Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty and the ten countries of the vassal states, the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the abusive power of ministers, relatives, female queens, royal families, eunuchs, etc., and to defend against the invasion of external forces such as the Liao gangs and the Western Xia, the rulers of the Song Dynasty did not want to become another short-lived dynasty after the Liang, Tang Dynasty, Jin, Han, and Zhou Dynasty. From politics to military, from the central to the local government, they gradually took a series of measures to strengthen centralization, concentrating the political, military and financial power to the court to the greatest extent. The core and key points were as Emperor Taizong of Song said, "Things are controlled and things are prevented." Including officials, military, imperial examinations, laws, etc., they all braked a unique systematic system.

(1) Evolution of the central organization of the Song Dynasty was the "two-official system", that is, two institutions of the Central Secretariat and the Privy Council were established, "the two-official system hold two civil and military positions, and the two-official system was characterized by the separation of power of civil and military power. The Zhongshu among them was the Prime Minister's Office, and the Shangshu. Although the names of the two-official provinces remained, they had become external dynasties and were not the prime minister's institution. The name of the prime minister is "Tongpingzhangshi", and the deputy prime minister is the deputy prime minister. In fact, the Secretary of the Shangshu Cheng and Lang

All three divisions can add these official titles and become prime ministers or deputy prime ministers. The three high officials, including the Shangshu Ling, Shizhong, and Zhongshu Ling, have high ranks and high ranks and heavy positions, are often "negative but not set". Note 1: This means that the highest power of the civil servant system is in the hands of the emperor. Note 2: The Shangshu Right Pushe and the Zhongshu Shilang are the second prime minister. The three provinces are restored in name, but in fact they tend to be one province. The second prime minister is closer to the emperor because of the request for an order, so that the emperor can take power alone.

(2) The Song Dynasty set up the Privy Council to be in charge of military affairs. The Tang Dynasty first had the Privy Council on the left and right inner Privy Council, and was appointed by eunuchs. The late Privy Council was a product of the abusing power of eunuchs under the monarchy system. It was an example of the emperor's profit in order to monopolize the power of eunuchs. Zhu Wen changed this in the late Tang Dynasty, allowing eunuchs who presided over the Privy Council to be in charge of military affairs. The Privy Council of the Song Dynasty evolved from this, forming one of the two governments that were on par with civil servants, objectively divided the power of the prime minister and formed the separation of power of civil and military officials. At the same time, it also divided the power of one of the six ministries and the power of the Ministry of War.

The Chief Privy Councilor of the Song Dynasty called himself "the original army", and became the military commander who was directly responsible to the emperor. The Chief Privy Councilor of the Song Dynasty was called the Privy Councilor and the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Councilor, or the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor, and the Chief Privy Councilor. Yuanfeng was reorganized and used the Chief Privy Councilor, the Chief Privy Councilor and other official titles. In order to reflect the rule of the literati, the chief official only used literati according to the convention, and the military officer could only serve as deputy positions. For example, after Yue Fei was deprived of the military commander before he was killed, he was awarded the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Councilor, and was defeated from the army.

(3) The establishment of government agencies and systems in the Song Dynasty

The central administrative agencies are mainly two governments, three departments and six departments

The censorship system, including the three courts of the Censorate, is the Taiyuan, the Palace Court, the Censorate, and the Censor Central Chief is the Director, and the Prime Minister and his relatives are not allowed to hold this position.

The Song Dynasty's censor system had censors, including censors, counselors, counselors, and counselors, and righteous words from both sides, but they had to have the emperor's special order to serve.

The military system is characterized by several institutions in charge, and the power of each department is scattered so that the power is concentrated on the emperor. The four military departments are managed, namely (1) the Privy Council, responsible for military orders, mobilization and appointment and removal of senior officers; (2) the "Three Ya" is responsible for commanding the imperial guards; (3) the Ministry of War is responsible for logistics affairs and the management of local wing troops; (4) the Ministry of Personnel is responsible for selection of military officers. From the establishment of these four departments, we can see that no department in the Song Dynasty could quickly mobilize the army. In addition to the origin, there was also a more disorderly intervention army, that is, the emperor, such as Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou, who issued orders to Yue Fei countless times, and even after midnight, he could send an emergency order to Yue Fei on a whim. Often, the previous order and the latter contradictory order came.

(4) The local administrative divisions of the Song Dynasty were basically two-level systems, namely, prefectures, military, and supervisors were one level, and county was one level. Local officials in the Song Dynasty were all sent by court officials. For example, the "county magistrates" at the county level, and senior officials were called "county magistrates". The state was the standard unit, and they were mostly called "county magistrates" and the magistrates were the chief seal of the wing army as usual. In addition to the magistrates, each state had one "public magistrate". The document issued at the magistrate level must be signed before it can take effect. The purpose is to restrain the power of the magistrate.

The county-level officials mainly include magistrates, county magistrates, chief clerks and county magistrates. The magistrates are officials sent by the Dongdu court, which is also a kind of dispatch. Areas above the prefecture and military supervision are called "roads". It should be noted that in the Song Dynasty, there were institutions and officials at the road level, but there was no formal power system. For example, no road-level chief could manage the overall affairs of the road. However, the road-level officials included the supervisor and the supervisor. The supervisors included: Caosi, Xianshi, Kurashi, and the supervisors.

The Caosi Department is the Transport Department, the chief is called the Transport Authority, responsible for financial and supervision along the way.

The Constitutional Department is the Criminal Prison Department. The chief said that the Criminal Prison Department is responsible for the punishment and prison all the way.

The Cangsi is to promote Changping. The chief said that the Cangsi was responsible for warehousing along the way. The Cangsi and Cangsi also have supervision responsibilities, so the road level can be regarded as a supervision area.

The Supervisory Office is the Pacification Office, also known as the General Strategy Pacification Office. The chief is the Pacification Office. As usual, the Pacification Envoy also serves as the military officers such as the General Manager of the Ma Infantry Army of the Imperial Military Region, and also serves as the local officials of a certain state and a prefecture. Therefore, the Pacification Envoy has a military officer under the supervision of the military and a Cao Zheng in charge of local affairs. The Pacification Envoy is also the leader of the Imperial Army and the local chief, with a wide authority. In order to prevent the excessive power of the Pacification Envoy from causing harm, the Pacification Envoy must be supervised by the supervisory officer at the first level of the road, and at the same time be monitored by the subordinates. The "Pacification Envoy" can directly report the situation of the Pacification Envoy to the court. In the Song Dynasty, due to the four powers of the military, government, finance, and supervision at the first level of the road, and there is no official who governs the powers of each power, the local administrative divisions and officials of the Song Dynasty have never formally formed a three-level system, but only a second level, so that officials and functions at the first level of the road were not consistent.

The official system of the Song Dynasty

In the Song Dynasty, the system of separation of officials, positions and assignments was implemented. The official ranks determined in the early Song Dynasty were only used to determine the rank, salary, orders and orders, so they were also called "rank officials" or "received officials". When Emperor Shenzong of Song reformed the official system, civil officials (official officials in Beijing) were set to twenty-five ranks, and during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song, it was increased to thirty-seven ranks (including selection of people), and a total of fifty-two ranks of military officers were also changed. Departure refers to the actual position held by officials, namely "official officials", which requires the emperor or superior to designate a special person when needed.

For those who hold a certain position, the rank officials decide how much money a person earns per month and the dispatch determines how much power a person has. Because the rank officials are more than the dispatch, a serious phenomenon of redundant officials is formed. Those officials or posts are given false titles to some special departments. In addition to these alternate officials who only take money but not work, there are also many names of charity officials, lord officials, and honorary officials, who are all redundant officials who only take money but not work forever. This field is the object of Fan Zhongyan's Qingli reform.

The tax system of the Song Dynasty

This system is related to the fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty and is also the goal of Wang Anshi's reform. It mainly includes the following contents.

Qingmiao Law, content: In February and May, the government will lend to farmers and borrow grain. Two or three cents of interest every six months will be paid back with the summer and autumn taxes. In other words, the minimum annual interest rate for this kind of government loan under the guise of helping farmers through the guise of green and yellow is 40% (40%). Function: Its purpose has changed from design helping farmers to increase the tax burden of farmers, which to a certain extent increases the government's fiscal revenue and collects the loan from private hands to officials.

The government has essentially exacerbated the contradiction between the people and the government. Problem: Encouraging farmers to drink poison to quench their thirst and eat food for the first time, which has essentially increased the burden on farmers. Due to the lack of effective management, farmers' efforts have not increased the court's fiscal revenue. Comparison before and after the reform: Previously, the Changquan warehouse was used to deal with the prosperity of the year. Some functions were replaced by the Qingshou method in terms of design, but in essence, it was a new tax law. The role mentioned intensified the contradiction between officials and the people. Reforms have small benefits and are harmful to them, and should not be released.

The content of the Recruitment Law (also known as the Exemption Law): The original households who were in turn served by households were changed to the government hired people to be borne by the government. The households who were unwilling to serve would pay a certain amount of money according to the rich and poor level, which was called exemption money. Bureaucratic landlords were no exception. Function: Provide farmers with certain ability to bear the ability to choose between paying taxes in labor and money and grain. In essence, they were changing soups and not changing medicines. Farmers who were already unable to make ends meet, and they could not afford to pay themselves, so they could not get enough for themselves to raise money. Before and after the reform: the exchange of labor and money and grain is essentially no different from the burden, but the government's forced and increased miscellaneous taxes greatly increased the burden on farmers. Also, all reforms must be increased to promote officials, which is another exploitation link, so this reform is also harmful and not profitable, so it is better not to change.

Contents of Fangtianjun Tax Law: Orders the whole country to clear the land, verify the land owners, and use the land as the fifth grade according to the quality of the land as the basis for collecting land taxes. Function: Clearing a large amount of land concealed, increasing government revenue; some farmers exempted taxes and gained benefits. This regulation has no essential changes, but has improved operations, which is equivalent to implementation on a practical basis. This implementation, because the base of land taxes has increased, on this new base that is larger than before, can increase the proportion of land taxes, even if the proportion of land taxes is not increased. However, there is no need to under the banner of reform. It only needs to select capable officials to promote existing systems to achieve it.

Contents of the Farmland Water Conservancy Law: Encourage land reclamation, water conservancy construction, and water conservancy construction costs, local residents will contribute according to the level of wealth and poverty, and can also borrow from prefecture and county governments. Function: Water conservancy projects are widely built to ensure irrigation; the area of ​​arable land increases, agricultural production develops, and government tax revenue increases.

The disadvantages are also obvious. First of all, the number of water conservancy construction has gradually become the standard for the performance assessment of officials. Some local governments force the people to build water conservancy, which increases the burden on farmers. Such matters should be organized and funded by the government.

Contents of the Municipal Easy Law: Set up a market easy business in Tokyo, pay for unsold goods, and sell them when the market is short. Function: Restricting the control of the market by big merchants is conducive to stabilizing the exchange of prices and commodities, and also increasing the government's fiscal revenue. The biggest problem is what purpose is to stabilize the weak price, but it has become like salt and iron tea making profits. In essence, it has become a huge force that uses the government to compete with the people for profit.

Contents of the equal transportation method: Establish a shipping envoy to grasp the production situation of the six southeastern routes and the needs of the government and the palace, and unified acquisition and transportation according to the principle of "the high is cheap, and the use of the near is easy to be far away". Function: reduces state expenditure, reduces the additional burden on taxpayers, limits the manipulation of the market by wealthy businessmen and exploits the people, and facilitates the lives of citizens. Disadvantages: These potential effects, due to the eagerness for quick success and inaccurate employment and improper employment, have basically not been realized, but have triggered many contradictions, such as Huashigang, and the whole country is well-kept at a city.

The Northern Song government pursued the policy of raising soldiers, with many soldiers but the quality of the army was uneven; the concentration of military power and the garrison law directly weakened the combat effectiveness of the army.

Generals do not know their soldiers, generals are indefinitely soldiers, generals are too restricted to commanding and cannot fight flexibly, soldiers often change defenses, lack training, and have low quality. These measures are improvements in daily management, which should have been like this, so there is no need to emphasize the use of reform methods.

The content of the Baojia Law: The rural households are organized, ten households are one guarantee, and more than two households are selected as one guarantee, and one resident household is concentrated during the slack season and receive military training. Function: Strengthen the rule of the countryside, maintain rural social security, and provide military reserves. At the same time, this system also mentions guarantees in the implementation of the Qingmiao Law. Rich households and poor households are combined, and rich households provide economic guarantees for young households to borrow money. The repayment of the repayment often leads to the bankruptcy of the rich households in the same Baojia.

Contents of the military strategy: Reorganize the wing army and the imperial guards, and stipulate that soldiers must retire after the age of 50. Test soldiers, those who fail the imperial guards will be changed to wing army, and those who fail the wing army will be changed to civilians. Potential role: improve the quality of military soldiers. In terms of problems, this measure is just to change the unqualified soldiers, rather than to truly make the soldiers strong.

The General Military Art (also known as the General Law) Content: Abolish the garrison law established in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and use the gradual promotion method to divide the garrisons of each route into several units. Each position is one general and one deputy general, who is specifically responsible for the training of the unit's army to improve the quality of the army. Function: It changed the situation of separation of soldiers and generals and strengthened the combat effectiveness of the army. However, at the most critical level, there was no change. The actions of the army, even during the war, must be sent to lead the army, and they are basically civil servants, but there is no change. Also, those officers are under the direct command of the emperor. Even if the blind cats and dead mice know the military, they are mixed in the palace all day long, do they know the enemy situation? However, this change is better than not.

The content of the Horse Protection Law: The original government's horse-raising horses was changed to the baojia households raising horses. Baojia households voluntarily raise horses, and the government can provide horse supervision or purchase them by themselves, and some taxes can be exempted. Soon, the shepherd system will be abolished and the function: the quality and quantity of horses are improved; the government has saved a lot of horse raising costs. This is a nonsense. High-quality war horses must be raised in a centralized manner. Even if individual farmers can raise them well, they cannot guarantee the same quality and are uneven. How to go to the battlefield.

Contents of military weapon supervision law: supervise the manufacturing of weapons, strictly manage them, and improve the quality of weapons. Function: Weapon production increases and quality has also improved. This is even more nonsense. Quality cannot be guaranteed and no secret can be maintained.

The method of selecting scholars. While carrying out political, economic and military systems, Wang Anshi also paid great attention to the selection, cultivation and use of talents, mainly creating public opinion for reform. The main one is to reform the imperial examination system, rectify the Taixue system, and use talents only. The reform in this aspect should be the continuation of Fan Zhongyan's reform. Among them is the reform of the imperial examination system, the content: promulgation of the tribute examination method, abolishing the Mingjing subject, while the examination of the Jinshi subject is mainly based on the meaning of classics and policy theory, and the increase of the legal subject. Function: put the foothold of the imperial examination on the selection of the balance of economic aspirations and real talents and real knowledge, and expand the number of examinations. There is also the rectification of the Taixue system, implementing the three-sack method, and implementing the three-sack method of teaching at the upper, middle and lower classes.

The school's daily assessment is used to replace the imperial examination. Those who have excellent grades in the students can become officials directly without passing the imperial examination. At the same time, they will be promoted to the Jingyi Bureau, compile Confucian classics, and compile the "New Meaning of the Three Classics"; set up martial arts, medicine, and law schools to cultivate specialized talents. Finally, they will use talents to only use talents. They will attach importance to the promotion and appointment of middle and lower-level officials, so that many low-level officials and lower-level scholars and officials will have the opportunity to display their talents. Mainly for the needs of reform, Wang Anshi appointed many talented and unvirtuous people, which also led to the failure of reform starting from the failure of employment.

2. What systems are involved in the reform? Is it a change in the existing system or a newly added law to try to complete the shortcomings of the original system?

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