On May 20, 1882, Germany, Austria and Italy signed an alliance treaty in Vienna. The main contents of the treaty: If Italy is attacked by France, Germany and Austria should provide full assistance. If Germany is invaded by France, Italy also bears the same obligation. One or two states of a contracting party is attacked by two or more major countries (referential, Russia), then the three states should fight together. Italy has a reservation condition for this: If Britain attacks Germany or Austria-Hungary, Italy will live up to the obligation to aid its allies. When a major country (referring to Russia) attacks one of the contracting parties, the other two states should take goodwill neutrality, that is, if a Russian-Austrian war occurs, Italy will be conservative and neutral. The treaty is valid for 5 years, renewed four times in 1887, 1891, 1902, and some obligation clauses have been added.

Chen Tian has always had a strong contempt for the two-five-children of Italy. However, it is precisely because of this alliance and the secret alliance between Germany and the Kemal regime of Turkey in 1910 that when Italy issued an ultimatum to the Turkish government under the pretext of unfair treatment in Tripolitania and the Cyrenega region, threatening to invade the above-mentioned areas, the German government actively reconciled it. Given that Turkey's military strength still needs some time to recover, and the above-mentioned areas are isolated overseas, once the war breaks out, it is almost impossible to send troops from the local area to support it. At the same time, the Balkans are in great dangers, he had to endure humiliation to ced Tripolitania and Cyrenega to Italy, which ultimately prevented the war between Italy and Türkiye in history.

After the founding of the Democratic Republic of Turkey in 1910, Kemal has been committed to strengthening economic development and stabilizing conflicts among ethnic groups in China, but Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro demanded to break away from Turkey's rule, which he and Turkey could not compromise. In the autumn of 1912, the Balkan alliance formed by Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro broke out with the Turkish government.

At the beginning of the war, the first thing was the anti-Turkish uprising broke out in Albania and Macedonia. Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece asked Turkey to give Macedonia and Thrace autonomy. The Turkish government refused this request and began to mobilize the army. The Balkans declared war on Turkey. Montenegro, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece also acted one after another. They mobilized 950,000 troops, more than 700,000 soldiers participated in the war, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 4 battleships from the Greek Navy, 3 cruisers, 8 destroyers, and 11 gunboats.

Turkey mobilized 850,000 troops, with about 400,000 soldiers participating in the war, 1,200 artillery pieces, 30 aircraft, 3 battleships, 1 cruiser, 8 destroyers, and 5 German submarines.

Under the leadership of the Kemal government and the training of German instructors, the morale and equipment of the Turkish army have improved to a certain extent. The Balkan allies have great advantages in the number of troops, and at the same time, inspired by the goal of the national liberation struggle, their army is highly morale.

The Bulgarian army formed a major group with three armies in the direction of Istanbul. Serbia's main forces were against the Turkish army's group in Macedonia. The Greek Fosalian army and the Epirus army were preparing to deal with Thessalonika and Yanina respectively. The Greek navy took action against the Turkish navy to ensure the sea control of the Allies in the Mediterranean. The Montenegro army's mission was to cooperate with the Serbian army to fight in Macedonia. The Allies formed an encirclement situation against the Turkish army and were preparing to defeat the Turkish army in the Balkans before the arrival of the Turkish reinforcements.

The Turkish Army Command tried to take active actions to stop the Allied attack before the reinforcements arrived. Turkey believed that Bulgaria was the most dangerous enemy and therefore launched its main group to deal with the Blessing Army. The Montenegro and Serbian Ibar forces jointly fought against the Turkish Army in northern Thrace and northern Albania.

In October, the Bao army crossed the Baotu border and advanced southward, and had fierce battles with the Turkish army. The Bao army was at a disadvantage and fought and retreated. It built a defense line in Edirne, 150 kilometers west of Istanbul. The Bao army launched a fierce attack on the defense line in November, but was repelled by Kemal's People's Army. The Bao army suffered heavy casualties and was unable to continue the attack.

In Macedonia, the Turkish army launched an attack on the Serbian 1st Army in October, but was repelled, and the Turkish army then turned into defense. Soon after, the Serbian army launched a general attack, and its 2nd Army launched an assault on the southwest direction, posing a threat to the right wing of the Turkish army group; the 1st Army launched an offensive on Kumanovo and occupied the area at the end of October; the 3rd Army carried out a flank assault on Skopje and captured it. The Serbian army quickly advanced southward

In mid-November, the Greek army conquered Bitoli. The Turkish army group in Macedonia began to retreat in full swing. The Serbian military regiment advanced to the Adriatic coast and surrounded Scutai with the Montenegro army. The Greek army swept away the Turkish army in Epirus and surrounded Anina. In southern Macedonia, the Greek army won near Yenige in November and attacked the Thessalonika, but was stubbornly resisted by the Turkish army and ultimately failed to capture Kemal's place of making his fortune.

On December 1, Albania declared independence.

The victory of the Balkan Union was not in the interests of the great powers. Therefore, while supporting the Balkan countries, Russia was worried that the entry of the security forces into Istanbul would be unfavorable to resolve the Black Sea Strait problem. As Turkey's secret ally, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire did not want Turkey to suffer too much damage. Under the pressure of the great powers, in December 1912, Turkey signed an armistice agreement with Bulgaria and Serbia, and the ambassadors of the warring countries began negotiations on the terms of the peace treaty in London. In February 1913, the First Balkan War ended with the signing of the London Peace Treaty. According to this treaty, Türkiye lost more than half of its territory in Europe.

In May 1913, Serbia, which lost the Adriatic estuary, demanded that Macedonia pay compensation. Greece also wanted to sacrifice Bulgaria to expand its territory. Romania made a territorial claim against Dobrokar to Bulgaria. The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany tried to undermine the influence of the Allies in the Balkans, intervened, and accelerated the outbreak of the Second Balkan War. Under the instigation of the German-Austrian alliance, Bulgaria took military action against the Serbian army and the Greek army in Macedonia in May 1913. The attack of the various armies of the Bao army was blocked. The Serbian army counterattacked and broke through the position of the Bao 4th Army. The battle was held

The army continued until July. The army was forced to retreat. In July, Romania started war against Bao. The army occupied Dobrokar and pushed the main force towards Sofia without any resistance. Subsequently, Turkey tore up the 1913 London Peace Treaty, fought with the army, and advanced along the coast to Varna. Bulgaria surrendered at the end of July under the threat of a complete defeat. According to the Bucharest Peace Treaty signed in August 1913, Bulgaria lost most of the territory it had recovered. In September 1913, the Peace Treaty signed by Bao and Turkish forces Bulgaria to ced the southern territory, including the port of Burgas, to Turkey.

The two Balkan wars caused the Balkan military forces to be reorganized. Romania broke away from the three-pass alliance in 1882 and approached the Allies, while Bulgaria and Turkey joined the German-Austrian alliance. The Balkan War led to further intensification of international contradictions, and the prelude to the war had already sounded...

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