Piao Tian Literature "More than a year after the establishment of the House of Representatives, the only thing known to the world is the party. Most of the members are not presumed by the public will of the people. Who can be deceived by calling them representatives?... You must not stick to the meaning of the text and rely on the long-lasting peace and stability of all countries.

, to help China in dire straits and scorching heat. Yuan Hong and others knew the people's psychology well and hated the riotous members of the government."

On January 2, the third year of the Republic of China, Vice President Li

"Restore Congress!"

A thunderous news suddenly came through newspapers across the country. Almost everyone was stunned, and the reason for the Presidential Palace to resume Congress seemed to be very sufficient.

Times are changing!

When the National Assembly was first dissolved, it was because the Kuomintang launched a rebellion and the Kuomintang members colluded with it to expel the Kuomintang members. There were not enough members to hold the meeting. After several attacks, the National Assembly was dissolved.

Now, the reason for restoring the Congress is equally simple. The country's situation is stable, and it is necessary to "return government to the people." Under the label of "returning government to the people," it is simply a matter of course to restore the Congress.

At the time of the nationwide sensation, public opinion was overwhelmingly praising President Yuan Shikai. With the signing of the "Jiao-ao Cleanup Treaty", congratulatory messages and congratulatory messages flew to Beijing, Zhongnanhai, and

In front of Yuan Shikai.

These days, Yuan Shikai's appetite and sleep have been very good, and he is in a very happy mood.

From morning to night, he always has a smile on his face. No matter who he is dealing with, he always has a smile on his face. Every day, he eats almost all the steamed duck on the table except the skeleton; the fried shredded pork placed next to the steamed duck

He was also very picky about chives and braised pork. For the previous lunch, he had almost eaten it, but as if in a dream, he insisted on asking his third concubine Jin to give him a plate of Korean cabbage. Jin was so angry that he looked everywhere for it.

Shredded pear, shredded radish and shredded green onion and ginger.

"People feel refreshed when happy events happen!"

For the first time, Yuan Shikai truly experienced the feeling of being sincerely supported by all the people. Now not only did all his civil servants and military generals support him, but even those who had opposed him also sent messages to first express their congratulations, and then expressed their support for his restoration of Congress.

Affirm and support. In short, letters of approval came like a snowflake. Not a single scolding.

This feeling was really good. Yuan Shikai, who was in a good mood, once again opened the "Shuntian Times". This newspaper is a Chinese-language newspaper run by the Japanese in China and has a great influence in Beijing. Although it is a Japanese newspaper, Yuan Shikai is the most

Love reading this newspaper.

In the past few days, every page of the "Sunchon Times" has been filled with praises, from foreigners, Chinese, and even Sun Wen, who got the news and went into exile in Hawaii before the Japanese police arrested him.

When asked by an American reporter, he had to say, "If Yuan Shikai sincerely restored Congress and implemented true constitutional government in China, he would have indeed done a great deed that benefited the country and the people and deserves to be praised throughout the ages!"

Maybe his praise just made Yuan Shikai feel beautiful, but Sun Wen was different. Didn't Sun Wen say that he was a national traitor and a one-man husband? But now, he had to face reality. As for what Sun Wen said later, "I'm afraid that Yuan's family will recover."

Congress only restored its name, but not its spirit." Yuan Shikai ignored it and only read the first half of the news, "The Chinese in the United States are all looking forward to the restoration of Congress and the day when national affairs will be settled." Yuan Shikai was so happy that he was so excited after reading the newspaper

I was dancing with joy and shaking my head, thinking that I had indeed done something unprecedented.

Restore the Congress, only its name? Not its deity!

It doesn't matter, that's Li Zhiyuan's business. Let Li Zhiyuan fight with Congress. As a great president, he only needs to "serve the country impartially". In the end, he will wait until Li Zhiyuan's "thorn" is almost removed, and then use it as a matter of course.

The Congress removes Li Zhiyuan from power. By then, who dares to say that the Congress is hopeless?

By then, the dignified Prime Minister will be forced out of office. Who dares to say that China, the first republic in Asia, is just an illusion? After enjoying the delicious food renovated by the former Qing imperial chef, Yuan Shikai leaned on the sofa, closing his eyes with a smile,

I feel so refreshed! All I have to do now is to wait until the National Assembly resumes its session after the Spring Festival, and then invite Li Zhiyuan to Beijing as a matter of course. Then the National Assembly will propose to restore the State Council, and then appoint Li Zhiyuan as Prime Minister. This is considered complete.

Already.

While feeling refreshed, the young and enviable Li Zhiyuan appeared in his mind. He opened his eyes and looked at the sky outside the window. It was pitch black, and even the stars seemed to be looming.

Li Zhiyuan!

I have set up a trap for you in the capital!

Just waiting for you to come to the banquet!

"Congress!"

Putting down the newspaper in his hand, Li Zicheng looked at the newspaper which was full of news about the restoration of Congress, or the telegrams praising the virtues of a certain congressman who had resumed his status as a member of Congress. Putting down the newspaper in his hand, Li Zicheng's face was full of ridicule.

.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, "preparations for the establishment of a constitution" took place for many years, but there was still no congress, and there was only an advisory council. It was not until the Revolution of 1911 that China established a congress in the modern sense. In history, people always regarded the failure of the congress in the early Republic of China as

It is blamed on the fact that it was ravaged by the two great warlords Yuan Shikai and Duan Qirui and super politicians, which led to the failure of the parliamentary system.

But in this era, Li Zicheng realized that history is not that simple, but they all ignored the inherent shortcomings of the parliamentary system in China. It can be said that it was this inherent shortcoming that led to the collapse of the Congress.

The success of modern parliamentary politics relies on the support of mature party politics and a complete electoral system. It goes without saying that the significance of the member election system to Congress is that political parties in the modern sense are actually the necessary tools and prerequisites for the realization of representative democracy. However,

In fact, in the early years of the Republic of China, a political party in the true sense had not yet been formed in the National Assembly, but instead factions that were harmful to democratic politics were bred; the electoral system for members of the National Assembly was not perfect, and there were many drawbacks in the election process; and factional struggles aggravated the electoral drawbacks.

, fundamentally poisoned the atmosphere of Congress.

Political parties in the modern sense are different from the so-called "political parties" in ancient times. The "political parties" in ancient China can only be called "factions". They are fundamentally different from political parties in the modern sense in terms of organizational form, nature and functions. Modern

A political party in the sense has a deep foundation and a tight organization. It is responsible for analyzing and organizing public opinion, forming a party platform and recommending candidates, and connecting and communicating with various government departments. During the election process, compared with individual candidates, the candidates recommended by the political party

It is easier for people to win the trust of the public. Political parties have relatively stable political platforms and organizations, and are more responsible for their election promises. Political parties use their own political platforms to attract voters, and candidates must fulfill their election promises after being elected; the ruling party collectively governs them

Taking responsibility, its merits and demerits, and whether the people are satisfied or not will be reflected in the results of the next round of elections.

They simply do not understand that the democratic spirit of parliamentary politics is not expressed in the political system. It is expressed in the way party politics is used."

However, the National Congress is composed of factions, not political parties. Even the so-called Kuomintang never considered its political platform to attract voters during the Congress. Candidates must fulfill their election promises after being elected, whether they are the Progressive Party or the

The members of the Kuomintang Congress only regard the Congress as a battlefield. The Progressive Party has the responsibility to protect Yuan from becoming the president, and the Kuomintang has the responsibility to oppose Yuan from becoming the president. Therefore, both parties only turn the Congress into a battlefield to cause trouble for each other, and they do not participate in state affairs.

It seems that it has never been their main business.

What is their main business? After the Song Dynasty case, Yuan Shikai believed that it was necessary to maintain the Congress because the official position of president had not yet been obtained. Therefore, he maintained the Congress. However, members of the Kuomintang and the House of Representatives never thought of maintaining the Congress through normal channels.

, but the radicals believed that Congress had no room to freely exercise its powers and advocated that members go south. Most of the members were unwilling and even plotted to blow up Congress. It can be said that they only saw Congress as a battlefield, but did not understand it at all.

The battlefield way of the battlefield.

And they did not compromise where they should compromise. They chose to compromise where they should not compromise. Just like the issue of principle that should first compose the constitution and then elect the president, Congress finally made concessions and elected the president first. As for the constitution,

Xian has simply become a joke.

In this situation where the parties are not parties, and the political parties in the House and Senate of Congress do not have a common program and belief, it is strange that this hodgepodge should not be chaotic. The final dissolution of Congress is simply expected.

"...These factions do not have a stable political platform, lack ideological consensus, and have a weak foundation; the factions are very unstable within the factions, and the relationships between the factions often change. Although these factions have also formed so-called political parties, party discipline

It is fragmented. Members often belong to multiple parties, and they often defect from the party because of the temptation of money and official positions. Take the Progressive Party, which is currently the most powerful and is supported by Yuan Shikai, as an example. It is not a stable political group."

Sitting in the office, facing Mu, Zhang Yilin, Zhang Binglin, and Wang Chonghui, Li Zicheng analyzed the shortcomings of China's parliamentary politics with them. Compared with them, Li Zicheng was undoubtedly a "party expert". After all, in later generations, as a state-owned enterprise

As a secretary, he is often involved in party-building work.

"It is also not a stable political party, nor is it like a society. Originally, when Yuan Shikai instructed others to form a party, there was no specific organization, and Yuan had no political ideals at all. He thought that he would have the support of the military.

With the overall situation in mind, they have never thought about organizing a modern political party. As for the idea of ​​calling it an ideology, their common concept is to control the military and political power and be called a strong force. As for the Progressive Party, they have inadvertently

What was produced, called a tool for operational control, was just Yuan Shikai’s imperial political tool.”

Because of his work relationship and his experience in helping leaders engage in party building work, Li Zicheng can use the political parties he is most familiar with to analyze the differences between political parties in this era.

"Neither the Progressive Party nor the Kuomintang can be said to be a strict organization. Apart from some business-related organizations, there is no creed or party program. Even the existence of the Progressive Party is only to maintain interpersonal relationships! A political party like this can actually

It is the second largest political group in China!”

Li Zicheng shrugged his shoulders slightly and said something with a sigh.

“There’s no competitiveness!”

How can a political party be competitive if it does not even have the most basic common values?

It can be said that using factions as the basis of political organization will inevitably lead to chaotic situations. The Congress is in turmoil, and the government cannot help but "change the king's flag on the city wall"; members of the House of Representatives will come and go, feeding on the princes. In this process

In this period, we can only see the division and reunification of factions, but not the maturity of political parties and the dawn of democratic politics.

“Not only that, we can see that during the year that the Congress existed, the Congress did almost nothing in terms of legislation, and its important powers were only the power to formulate the constitution and the power to consent to personnel. Compared with executive officials, members of Congress at that time

The corruption is even more serious and naked. Members of Congress have no real power, but they have votes, the right to elect the president, and the right to approve the nomination of government officials who hold real power. Buying votes becomes

A major feature of the relationship between the legislative and executive organs at that time was that the Congress had the name of "legal system"! "

There was a sarcastic look on his lips, and there was a hint of contempt in Li Zicheng's expression.

"As far as the current political situation is concerned, "Legal System" is more of an excuse; as far as members of Congress are concerned, "Legal System" is nothing more than a slogan to fight for jobs and a fig leaf for personal gain. Those in power use "Legal System" to "rectify their names."

In order to consolidate their power and position; and the members of Congress who regard themselves as "symbols of the legal system" are also happy to dance with wolves and share the benefits. It can be said that their behavior will only destroy the sign of "the legal system" and ruin it.

Congress itself!”

"Jingsuojie, it seems that you have no hope in the reopening of Congress!"

Zhang Yilin asked tentatively, but Mu simply didn't even ask. He clearly knew Li Zicheng's attitude towards Congress. His attitude towards members of Congress was nothing but contempt.

In silence, Li Zicheng didn't answer, but then Zhang Binglin spoke.

"Although there are many members of Congress who use their votes as a tool to pursue private interests, there are still some true gentlemen among them. What's more, it is better to have a Congress in China than not to have one. Without a Congress, it is not even the most basic thing.

There is no more supervision!”

Looking at the silent manager, Zhang Binglin continued.

"Without the supervision of Congress, will this country still be the first republic in Asia? Indeed. There are indeed moths in the Congress. However, there are moths in the first Congress, there are them in the second Congress, and after the third and fourth terms, as long as there are moths in the Congress

There are members of Congress who are truly concerned about the country and the people. One day, Congress will be able to truly play its role. One day, Congress will be able to wash away all its filth and truly become a legislative body that speaks for the people and is used by the country!"

When Zhang Binglin spoke, Li Zicheng remained silent, but when he was silent, he frowned slightly. They did not understand what they were saying or the meaning of their words at all.
To be continued...