Chapter 3238 People who live in farming and dying have a distant heart
Fei Qian specially intended to hold this "meeting meeting" not at the Pingyang Marquis Mansion, but to the Shoushan Academy Palace, which was of course his consideration. In the Pingyang Hou Mansion, although Fei Qian's home court, the official taste was too strong, and the Shoushan Academy had some academic pioneers from the beginning.
Whether it is the first study of scriptures or the attempts to compete in the imperial examinations in the imperial examinations, it can be said that it is a typical example of a small boat that makes you turn around.
Fei Qian wanted to explain and expand the new theories at this stage, and it was obvious that the Shoushan Academy would be more suitable than Qinglong Temple. After all, the Shoushan Academy would be more pure. Although the Qinglong Temple is larger in scale, it is also because it is too large and there are more mixed people, so the minds are more complicated and difficult to grasp.
From the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, the Zhou Dynasty's system had "collapsed", which led to a hundred schools of thought. On the one hand, the purpose was to bring salt to the princes of their own country, and on the other hand, it was also to explore what direction the country should go after the Zhou system.
And it is obvious that Qin won in the end.
The victory of Qin also led to the "Hundred Schools of Thoughts in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and eventually became "Yi Ming". China's centralized and unified system became a verified and powerful national system.
The subsequent Han and Tang dynasties implemented this national system line, and until the Tang Dynasty, it expanded to the peak of the cold weapon era of the classical feudal dynasty.
The cavalry of the Tang Dynasty, noting that at its peak, they almost swept across the desert, shocked the frontiers, and slaughtered foreign countries and destroyed foreign countries. However, it was obvious that due to technical limitations, inconvenience in transportation, and inability to keep up with the system, the central centralized system was forced to be changed to the responsibility system of local military governments. The Jiedu Mansion, which was too big to lose, also extended from the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Song and Ming dynasties. Civil officials controlled and suppressed military generals and became the only way to ensure the stability of imperial power, which eventually led to the immune system that should have resisted foreign enemies in the late Ming Dynasty and completely became a breeding ground for bacterial invasion.
Similarly, it can be clearly seen that since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the number of researchers involved in national systems has actually been shrinking continuously, and the controversy among hundreds of schools of thought is no longer the main reason. The main reason is that after the unification, Confucianism became a core school, and Confucianism's suppression of other schools has also been shown in academics.
Everything naturally has its pros and cons.
Under the unified and centralized imperial system and academic system of feudal dynasties, the feudal dynasties in ancient China could certainly be stable for a hundred years after their founding, but because their system only represented the interests of a very small number of ruling classes, it ignored the needs of grassroots people, and eventually led to the annihilation of generations of feudal dynasties.
Of course, putting aside productivity and production relations, simply talking about castles in the air is obviously a hooligan, but similarly, if you completely ignore the lives and deaths of the grassroots people and only think about adjusting and reforming within the ruling class and purging interests, the constitutional farce in the late Qing Dynasty is the best example.
China is not without smart people.
Just like Confucius, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, he was definitely the leader among the hundreds of schools of thought. The head of the Tiankeng that seemed to be smashed by God was definitely shining with the light of wisdom that ordinary people could not match.
But what about a hundred years?
What about a thousand years?
Did the ancients not know this?
Obviously not.
But the question is, besides "heavenly granted the monarch's power", what "magic weapons" do they have to maintain the "rationality" of their rule?
Of course, I am gritting my teeth to death. It is absolutely impossible to admit that untouchables are the foundation of the country. I can only emphasize that elites are the future of the country...
If you want to break this shackle, it is obviously not possible to argue head-on.
It can only be subtle and boil the frog in warm water.
"The way to make money is greater than that of a living person. In the future, there is no one who has committed a burden on the population, but it is only because people are afraid that they will not be born."
Fei Qian said slowly.
In this era, there is no need for such childbirth.
In the era when the survival rate of infants and young children is extremely low, there is nothing more happy than Tian Ding Zeng Mou.
"In the past, those who regulated the country must count the population and used the country. The people who live in the world are the land; the people who come from the earth are the people. Therefore, the kings value the roots and ignore the ends, and strive for the big but not blame the small. Therefore, since there are many people born, the country's use will be abundant."
"If it is not the case now, scholars, farmers, industry and commerce have lost something, but the people in the world cannot be at peace. Therefore, if they are displaced and moved, and there are fewer people, the country will be ineffective."
"The benevolent people make money by wealth, the unkind people make money by money. The benevolent people make money by wealth, and the unkind people plunder the people to make money. The state system must be careful. If the system is appropriate, the people's livelihood will be normal. If the system is not appropriate, it will be as fierce as the tiger when Confucius sighs."
"The system of a country cannot be achieved overnight. It must be judged by the times and situations and provided by the customs. Therefore, the ancient sage kings were able to prosper the country because they knew it. They could conform to the way of heaven and earth and the hearts of the people, and then they could last for a long time."
"I think that the way to govern a country is more than to nourish the people."
"The people are scholars, farmers, industry and commerce. Only by being neither biased nor ruled can one be like the four pillars of the sky, making the country stable and the eight desolates peaceful."
"Therefore, the number of people is the place where the matter is produced, and all the matters are correct. They divide the fields, order the tribute and taxes, dismiss the use, use the food and food, and raise the field and work to make military affairs. The country builds the rules, the family establishes the rules, the five rituals are used to practice, and the nine punishments are used to measure the numbers of people!"
"Do you agree?"
Fei Qian nodded and added, "This is to guard the mountain and Mingtang to determine the level of the country. It has nothing to do with the noble and low powers. You can speak freely and never blame it for your words."
There are actually discussions about population in every dynasty.
Most of the Spring and Autumn Period encouraged population growth.
This is true for Confucianism and Huang’s hometown.
But there are also different concepts, such as Shang Yang, who rationally saw the contradiction between population and land, emphasized the contrast between people and land, and this guy also paid special attention to population surveys, which can be said to be the first person to organize a nationwide population survey in history.
Then, based on Shang Yang, Han Feizi further regarded the contradiction between population and land as the root of "people's struggle", saying that "there are not many people today, but they have five sons, and the eldest father has twenty-five grandsons before he died. Therefore, the people's struggle is small and the money is small, and the work is hard, so the people's struggle is too heavy to avoid chaos even if they are rewarded and punished twice, they will not be able to avoid chaos."
Then Han Feizi just had opinions but no suggestions. He was worried about "civilian struggle", saying that "although the rewards and punishments were too heavy, they would not be able to escape chaos." As a result, on the other hand, he advocated the use of the legal system to stop "civilian struggle".
In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, the leader of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song dynasties, said that the population was closely related to its theory of mutual generation and mutual cultivation. Han Yu believed that people's material life was not self-sufficient, but had to rely on mutual generation and mutual cultivation. If someone could not use his own labor to provide others with the products and services he needed, it would be of no use to society.
Based on this theoretical basis, Han Yu further divided the population into the "four people" according to his profession into the "six people", and believed that the three people of agriculture, industry and business are mutually reinforcing each other and are needed by society. Then the scholars are those who govern people, and it is natural for others to support others and are also people who are beneficial to society. The so-called monks and Taoists do not engage in economic activities such as agriculture, industry and commerce, but need to support them. In essence, it is an excess population...
From a certain perspective, has it already become the "elite" rule since Han Yu's Tang Dynasty?
Do you bring salt for this class? Do people have to eat? What's the problem?
But if China really wants to be strong, can it rely on a single class?
Especially those so-called "elite" classes?
It’s cold and the water is really too cold, but the scalp can still be cooler. Is this a contradiction?
What is a "scholar"?
That is the deformation of "earth"!
Of course, it is not a "scholar" without outstanding vision. For example, Ma Duanlin in the Yuan Dynasty was the first person in Chinese history to clearly raise the issue of population quality and discuss its important economic significance. He said, "In ancient times, people with few household registrations but were all talented and intelligent, and later generations were full of people with many teeth and laziness. Jun is a man. In ancient times, when people were scholars, they would ask about learning; when they were farming, they would strive to farm; when they were soldiers, they would be good at fighting formations. They would all go as far as they were heading for. Therefore, a country with a thousand miles of miles and a gathering of thousands of families was enough to protect their country and destroy their people in the world. The people would be strong and the people would be weak. It was the people who were established at that time.
Although Ma Duanlin's words may not have been used to express his depression in his heart, it is also an important progress in the development of Chinese population thought. It requires quantity and quality. Otherwise, no matter how many dementia people who say some bastards all day long, what good effect can they have?
Although everyone in the audience heard that Fei Qian said that those who said that he was not guilty, when it was obvious that he wanted to use this theory to justify his reputation, it was obviously not a good idea to jump out and go against Fei Qian. Therefore, even if Fei Qian let everyone speak freely, he was still silent.
Fei Qian looked at the drama.
Zhongji coughed gently, then bowed and said, "There is a hundred acres of land that can produce enough to eat ten people. Now there are five people, and the national policy is easy enough to raise these five people. If the mouth increases twenty, and the fields are only enough to raise fifteen people. Even if there is a talent for pursuing heaven and earth, it is difficult to escape the suffering of hunger, or even starving people everywhere. Although there is the technique of increasing the field, the technique increases is limited and the people grow boundless. Therefore, the people are happy, but the fields are not desires. If the fields are not supported, what can we do?"
Fei Qian nodded, "What the Great Master said is very much."
"Just on the farming side, the number of land acres is limited, and the taste of life is increasing. It is impossible to raise the number of people with limited land acres and increase the number of people."
"Since this question is, it should be understood."
"So, who can solve it?" Fei Qian looked around for a week and smiled gently, "But let the farmers solve it themselves? The yield per mu is determined, and the annual calculation of the oral calculation increases. Therefore, those who hide their lives will die young, so as not to avoid oral calculation."
"The difficulties of the old farmer should be solved by the scholars." Fei Qian said firmly, "How about the people in Shandong today? They only know tax service."
The taxes of the Han Dynasty were rough, and even in later generations, the tax system was still not satisfactory. It was supposed to be a tax that was regulated by society and used by the people for the people. What was the result? The richer the more they were, the more they evaded taxes, and the less money they were, they were overwhelmed by the taxes transferred in various links.
For example, the country's thanks for the rice is immediately reduced by blueberry tax, marshmallow tax, bread cutting tax, hot soup tax, carved pumpkin tax...
As for other countries, well, ahem...
『In order to seek tax calculations, there must be strict rules. The officials are doing their best, and the gentry cleverly seizes the wealth of the people.』 Fei Qian said, 『It is not that the land is not enough to support people, but that the government is not enough to benefit the people. Therefore, the people are resentful and the laws are difficult to implement. Those who look down on the superiors are despised, and those who look down on the superiors are humble,』
"So, the thieves in Shandong drove the people to die and reduced their mouths by fighting. This is a technique of extinction of households, just like the current difficulties in Hedong."
"I always hear the so-called great righteousness, saying that the people are important, but when they are very harsh in their government, wouldn't they really regard it as grass? If the government loses its way, the people will be resentful and the country will not be in trouble. Therefore, a gentleman is committed to the foundation, and the foundation will be established and the way will be born."
"If there are thieves who are harsh in their policies and harm the people, they will be self-severe from the emperor, self-severe from the Han Dynasty, self-severe from the world!"
That's right, Fei Qian doesn't want to use old names such as "clearing the king, saving the people, and supporting the world", to fight against him, nor does he want to make his fight with his classmates, become intrigues between princes and princes, and become so-called circle competition.
In the early days of Feiqian, it didn’t matter if you shout these slogans, because everyone shouted like this at that time. If Feiqian shouted a slogan of why service, it would be a scare of people on the spot...
But it's different at the moment.
It is obvious that Fei Qian needs to propose a direction that is completely different from the Shandong road, and Fei Qian cannot use the righteousness similar to the people of Shandong. Even if he uses it barely, it has no meaning.
Although everyone had already reached a consensus on the battle of no righteousness in the Spring and Autumn Period, they could not say that they knew "no righteousness", so they pretended to be "righteousness" and hung it on their faces.
Just as Fei Qian said, it would be obviously wrong to simply point all the contradictions between feudal dynasties to the land.
People and the earth are themselves a community that is entangled.
Therefore, population issues are not a single and independent social issue, but a complex issue that integrates resources, environment, economic development, cultural traditions, etc.
Insufficient population or overpopulation will have adverse effects on the country and society.
A country should have an ideal population density and a moderate population size. This population size and population density are consistent with the endowment of the country's land and natural resources, the level of application of knowledge and technology, the production capacity of industry and agriculture, and the ability to raise people. It belongs to a dynamic change category.
Since it is a dynamic change category, it is naturally necessary to regulate and intervene in a suitable national system.
A rigid policy is always the law of the ancestors, which is obviously not a good thing.
Under this, the advantages and disadvantages of the state system and the differences in laws are reflected.
During the three or four hundred years of the Han Dynasty, did the emperor and ministers not know that there were any problems with government orders, taxes, laws, etc.?
I know, but since the people are not at the point of being chaotic, there is no need to amend the law? If it is really not possible, La Sangong came out to apologize and said, "Moses dig it open, Marcene, right?" Isn't it a matter of trouble?
Indeed, as long as the lower class people can survive, they will never risk their lives to launch a peasant uprising. Therefore, it is understandable that the ruling class's relative slow reaction is. Anyway, as long as it is not reached the last step, the ruling class will most likely feel that it can continue to let the people suffer and endure it.
But the overall social development of China is fundamentally driven by the vast number of Chinese people, not determined by ambitious people. The so-called "heroes are created by the times", the current situation is public opinion, and public opinion comes from the things and needs that the lowest-class people desire most.
In other words, the survival status of the people at the bottom ultimately determines whether the entire society is stable. When the people at the grassroots level are in difficulty, the whole country will naturally be unstable and unstable. This is why once there are any problems in later capitalist countries, they will immediately issue welfare vouchers to the people at the bottom and similar related measures.
This is the naturalness hidden by humans under social nature.
After all, in the feudal dynasty of China, the population can be divided into relatively simple grassroots and ruling classes.
When the population growth is suppressed by the environment, the first and most severely suppressed is the grassroots class, and the ruling class is often not affected much because it has rich production and living materials. This has caused the proportion of people in the Tongzhi class to suddenly increase in the total population. In order to maintain at least its previous living standards, the ruling class will try every means to increase taxes, and the tax burden of the grassroots class will increase.
Since China has been calling people-oriented, benevolence, righteousness and morality since the Spring and Autumn Period, isn’t it an opportunity to implement these “justice” that have been shouted for a long time?
Even though Fei Qian knew in his heart that the shelf life of this "justice" could not be determined, it was better than nothing.
After the inquiry and inspiration and convincing intentionally or unintentionally, Fei Qian also expressed the final conclusion...
"The careers of the four peoples are the foundation of the country. Scholars establish themselves by studying hard, farming and farming to support their lives, worker and skills to become tools, and merchants become rich through currency. The four are each responsible, each of them is born and raised, and together to support the prosperity of the Han Dynasty."
"Scholars are the foundation of the country. They read books and understand principles, cultivate themselves and manage their families, govern the country and pacify the world. They are not just Confucians who are just writing their talents. Therefore, scholars must not help but learn to prepare for the needs of the court and the country."
"Farmers are the foundation of the country. Food is the foundation of human and heaven, and farming is the foundation of food. In spring, harvest in autumn, weed in summer and stored in winter, and every grain is hard. Farmers are diligent in the fields, so that the granaries are full and the people are at ease, and the country's fortune will last forever."
"Works are the cleverness of the country. They are ingenious and skilled. They are forged as soldiers, built soil to form cities, and built boats and chariots to benefit transportation. The skills of craftsmen are not only for the convenience of people's livelihood, but also for the strength of the country's muscles and bones."
"Shang is the vein of the country. Merchants are honest and sellers are fair. Merchants travel, goods are circulated, and wealth is gathered. The way of merchants can make things in all directions get their place, and also make the country rich and the blood flowing."
"The four people have their own strengths and specialties. The times change, things change and stars change, and the four people should also change according to the situation. Therefore, the four people have different responsibilities, not different from superiors and subordinates, nor are they high and low. Taking the ability of the son, showing his talents, benefiting the people, and promoting the country with their abilities. Therefore, those who are officials should acquire the strengths of the four people, understand the duties of the four people, and use the command of the four people to nourish the four people, nourish the people's birth, and promote the country and bless the people."
Everyone has different expressions, including those who are pleased, admired, doubtful, hesitant, and those who are also those who lower their heads and seem to be unwilling to let others see their expressions.
Fei Qian paused for a moment and continued:
"In the past, in the world of Yao, Shun, Yu and Tang, morality was obvious and benevolent government was popular. People who governed by Taoism established themselves, governed the country with virtue, adhered to their original intentions, and were not shaken by the secular world. Therefore, within the world, the weather was good, and the people lived and worked in peace and harmony."
"Therefore, in power, you should guard the mountains. Mountains are the places where the nature is good and the root of the laws of nature. Those who keep this mind can correct themselves, transform others, safeguard the country, and calm the people."
"Poverty is a thoroughfare. The streets are the journeys and the eight wildernesses. Those who hold this intention are where the heart reaches, the Han Dynasty is the border, the natural barrier becomes a thoroughfare, and it is as steep as plain as a river!"
"There should be a way to rule. Those who do not want to move for profit or be confused for power. Those who hold this way will have no self and selflessness, fairness and integrity, inherit the past and start the future, and forge achievements for thousands of years!"
"However, there is a way to guard the mountains and roads, which is not a one-day achievement or a one-person effort. You need to work together and work together to achieve this state of peace and harmony in the world. In this way, the prefectures and counties are peaceful, the people are happy, and all the worlds are all, sharing the blessings of the Han Dynasty!"
"Now there are thieves who lose their mountains, cut off their streets, and disrupt their ways! Drive the people like pigs and dogs, trap the country like children's jokes! There is no system to govern the four people inside, and there is no way to control the war and Hu outside! Only know that they are greedy and seize the people's taxes, hard to conquer the people's servants, and occupy high positions to harm the country! This is the disaster for the Han Dynasty!"
"A good fortune and good fortune are in the middle of a slight ray, and the eternal reputation is a thing of the past. In a moment of struggle, you must know that there is a general generality for the best and wrong, and you can be named after the future! We should fight against the thieves and rebellions, eliminate evil politics, promote Han system, establish the country, and stabilize the world and eight deserts!"
Chapter completed!