When we encountered various problems in Jiangdong, the Qinglong Temple Thesis that was being developed in Guanzhong also encountered some problems. Of course, these problems basically belong to the collision of literature and thought.
This is also the original intention of Fei Qian to hold the Qinglong Temple Treatise.
Only ideological collisions can produce fireworks of civilization.
But no one expected that the first thing that caused a huge collision of thought was not the Six Classics, but the "Book of Filial Piety".
The wind of the Han Dynasty seemed to be changing quietly.
The Book of Filial Piety is said to be Confucius' "last words of the disciples of the Seventy Sons."
Of course, Confucius has been away from the world for many years. What did this old man say back then? Well, only his disciples can touch their conscience and say that Confucius did say so.
The "Book of Filial Piety" passed down by the Han Dynasty was originally collected by Yan Zhi, a native of Hejian, and was presented by his son Yan Zhen. Looking at this surname, you can tell that it was the descendant of that successor.
Later, the "Book of Filial Piety" was jointly certified by Changsun, doctor Jiang Weng, Shaofu Houcang, counselor Yi Feng, Anchang Hou Zhang Yu and others, and was stamped with a name stamp, indicating that the passage of this sutra is the same as the text of the "Book of Filial Piety" in their family, which is considered to be a conclusion for the "Book of Filial Piety". It was almost like acquaintance with the treasure appraisers of later generations wrote a certificate.
This is the "Jingwen Filial Piety", a total of 18 chapters.
But what is interesting is that after a few years, King Gong of Lu, a famous demolition household in the Han Dynasty, drew Confucius's old house... Well, this shows that "forced demolition" actually has the Chinese tradition. Then, in the bad wall, I found the books such as "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Analects of Confucius", "Book of Filial Piety", etc., and Kong Anguo learned all of his books. And in this "Book of Filial Piety", there are twenty-two chapters...
Alas?!
Didn’t there be a brick manufacturer’s stamp and signature before, and the certification was valid. It was said that everyone was the original version, and everyone was the same. Is it the eighteen chapters of the “Book of Filial Piety”?
Could it be that this brick house...
Then a brick house came out with a swollen face, claiming: "This...that...that...all the same, all the same...hahaha, hehe, say goodbye, say goodbye..."
Anyway, it's like this, whether you believe it or not.
Fortunately, the "Jingwen Filial Piety" and "Fighting Demolition of Filial Piety" are just one chapter different from the "Jingwen Filial Piety", "Is there any etiquette in the boudoir door? Yan's relatives and brothers. His wife and concubines are just like the people who are servants."
Other chapters have slight merges and font changes.
This difference is actually not a big problem, because during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some words will evolve and change in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as "death" and "nothing", "illness" and "illness", "women" and "ru", etc. It is a very normal thing to make the difference in the changes of the times. It does not mean that the words in "The Book of Filial Piety in the Modern Literature" are the original goods, and those are the ones that are sealed later. As long as three codes, um and four codes are integrated, there is no warranty, it is fine.
But there is only one chapter missing!
Boudoir seal.
Of course, it is not clear whether it is the specific record of the disciples of Confucius, including those who missed the records, or when the bricks were conspiring to think that the old man Kong would not be staring at the other people's "bool door" and it was not in line with the identity of Confucius, so he deliberately "avoided" it.
But this matter, later Confucian scholars also had arguments, saying that it was probably because "the father is more virtuous than Yao, and the Dan Zhu Fang; the son is more virtuous than Shun, and the stubborn as Wu; the brother is more virtuous than Shun, and the Xiang ao; the brother is more virtuous than Zhou Gong, and Guan Shu was killed; the minister is more virtuous than Tang and Wu, and Jie and Zhou attacked." Therefore, the seal of the Boudoir was deleted.
Otherwise, this shameless look...
What is currently debated in Qinglong Temple is not the difference between the ancient and modern filial piety scriptures, but the extension, annotation and interpretation of the filial piety scriptures. After all, it is a great treatise on "correct interpretation".
The most prominent contradiction among these extensions, annotations and explanations is about the "funeral".
Some people believe that funerals, especially the custom of being rich, are in the mainstream position of China because Confucianism emphasizes "filial piety", especially during the Han Dynasty, the trend of being rich in burial was particularly popular, so they completely attributed this custom to Confucian "filial piety", but in fact...
Regarding the emergence of the concept of "filial piety", if we talk about the exact time of its birth, the more common view was that it was in the Zhou Dynasty, but the basic meaning of filial piety was clearly changed to "good deeds to parents" which was a matter in the Warring States Period and later. It was only after Confucian interpretation that "good deeds to parents" finally became the core and even the only content of "filial piety".
Then it changed from "good dedication to parents", or it was equivalent to "the wind of a grand funeral", so that's interesting.
The wind of burial was first seen in primitive society. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, before Confucius was chubby, a large number of people had already given burials. The reason was that these people were in a state of "good dedication to their parents" mentioned in the Book of Filial Piety, but because people at that time believed that the soul was immortal.
Seek for immortality and resurrection, death is immortal and the soul will last forever.
This is the main reason for the occurrence of grand funerals.
Before the mid-Paleolithic Age, it was believed that the souls of ancestors were immortal after their death, and they could still harm or protect their descendants and interfere with personnel. Under the influence of this concept, a phenomenon of burial was naturally seen in funeral customs.
Since we believe that the soul knows after death, the living will spare a lot of money to bury the dead in exchange for their own spiritual safety, and believe that they can be rich and peaceful after death. The living are worthy of shame and the dead are relieved. Under the influence of this concept and psychology, burial has become a habit in the society at that time and will last forever.
The first time the grand burial was just a "burial with you".
That is, "Die is like life" and "Die is like life" are buried with the dead, and the most precious items I liked most during my lifetime, and expressed my grief. In order to believe in my heart that the deceased can still have their precious objects, or humans and animals underground, this custom actually has little to do with "parents" at first.
Because in the early tombs, there were young children who also had a large number of utensils buried with them. Could it be that this child was buried with great care because he had a child to "do good deeds to his parents"?
"This is putting the cart before the horse!" Guan Ning talked happily and looked around the crowd, with an indefinite expression in his expression. "Filial piety and unfilial piety are definitely not determined by burying his parents with great care!"
"If a son does not practice filial piety on weekdays, only his parents will hold sacrifices and howls after his death, and the ceremony will be ten miles away and the funeral is heavy, will he be said to be filial?"
"If you are born and cannot be raised, you will be virtuous after death. Can you be called a gentleman?"
"Filial piety is more important than the heart, not the name! The body, hair and skin are accepted by parents! The etiquette of filial piety is to express grief. However, people who are famous have used tragic actions to invade and destroy themselves to show filial piety. Such extreme filial piety is a bit too much!"
"What's more, in the past, when Xiaowen was in Handan, he was sad and sad. He said to his ministers, "Alas! Use the stones in the north mountain as the coffin, and use the squids to cut them into pieces, and lacquer them in the varnish, how can they move?" Everyone on the left said, "Good." Only the previous explanation said, "If there is something to be desirable in it, there is still a squid in the south mountain; if there is no stone coffin in it, why not be desirable in it?" Xiaowen then praised it and finally buried it in Ba.
"Look at it now, there are thieves in all the tombs in Chang'an!"
"Hundreds of thousands of people including Chimei entered the pass, burned the palaces and cities in Chang'an, and the people hungry and ate each other, hundreds of thousands of dead, Chang'an was empty, and no one walked in the city. All the temples, gardens and tombs were excavated, but Baling and Duling were all complete!"
"Is it not a filial piety to be buried with a grand burial, but to seek fame and reputation? It also leads to invasion of thieves and thieves, and it is difficult for the spirit to sleep in the nine springs first! Can this be called filial piety? Is it strange?"
"After you have to treat the filial piety, you should seek correct explanation!"
"From today, we have been filial to Confucius and respectfully nurtured in our daily lives!"
"You are not filial to stay after death and be buried with a grand funeral!"
Guan Ning talks freely and quotes, and the fate of the Chang'an tombs is actually right in front of him. It is indeed quite convincing to quote it as an example.
Guan Ning lost his father when he was sixteen years old. His cousins ​​all pity him for his loneliness and poverty, and expressed their willingness to give him the expenses used to mourn his father. Guan Ning refused to accept it, but instead sent his father to his death based on his financial resources. This is a very courageous thing in the ritual of a grand funeral in the Han Dynasty.
You must know that Guan Ning was only sixteen years old at that time!
Guan Ning said bluntly that the nature of filial piety has nothing to do with a grand funeral. At the same time, he also said that Confucius' expression of filial piety did not say that a grand funeral would be required, but that it would be in line with "ritual".
Regarding what is "ritual" that conforms to filial piety, Guan Ning said that the most important thing is "respect" and "raising". "raising" is the external manifestation of filial piety, and "respect" is the premise in the heart and the fundamental guarantee for the realization of filial piety. Only when there is respect in the heart can it be called filial piety. Filial piety is the combination of respect and the action of raising.
"Cultivating" but not respecting" can also not be called "filial piety". First of all, one should be respectful and then consider whether filial piety can be truly implemented.
Guan Ning criticized the secular customs today, "If you don't have enough to raise your life, you will be mourning when you die", which is not "filial piety" at all, but people who seek fame and reputation, who use their parents' death to apply makeup to themselves, seek fame and reputation, and coerce others to do this, resulting in the deformity of the entire social customs and are indignant about this phenomenon.
One stone stirs up a thousand layers of waves.
Because what Guan Ning claimed is indeed a pain at the moment!
In fact, at present, there are many Han people who have fallen into poverty due to illness and are poor. Among them, they are not only poor children, but also many ordinary people.
If you don’t have a grand funeral, you will be unfilial!
This is almost the fixed mindset of the keyboard warriors in the Han Dynasty. If they are not as firm as Guan Ning, they will easily be forced to be buried in a few words and rumors about their neighbors. They will also pay for selling houses and fields. For example, "gratitude and filial piety" and "golden road money". If they don't add any fragrance and bathe spa, they will be insane without spending money to lose everything!
But in fact, such customs are actually profitable.
The most important thing is to make profits from middle and lower-level officials.
The emperor promoted Confucianism and emphasized filial piety for rule considerations, while local officials promoted filial piety for political achievements. Then the officials in the middle and lower classes almost took the initiative to take action. The filial piety they advocated was not really for the so-called filial piety, but for the benefit!
These officials colluded with the rural and nobles, taking advantage of the strong sense of face of the Han Dynasty, just like banquets and activities in food and life and weddings in marriage, making money.
Simply put, a grand burial is not important to the deceased, but to the living...
In fact, the trend of burial in the Han Dynasty was aroused by the extravagant behavior of the ruling class, especially kings, relatives and eunuchs. These people were often both political beneficiaries and economic wealthy people, and had the ability to transcend the etiquette system and practice luxury. The reason why the trend of burial in the long run has been closely related to the political, economic status and extravagant behavior of these people.
In fact, there are many true Confucian scholars who strongly oppose the trend of burial.
People like Guan Ning basically advocate the funeral system with etiquette, and pay more attention to "be careful in the end and pursue far-reaching", emphasizing that funerals should be mainly sad, oppose the superficial style of burial, and have a strong critical attitude towards burial behavior beyond etiquette.
Opposing grand funerals and advocating frugality has actually been mentioned more than once in the Han Dynasty courts. There were even special edicts issued to local governments, requiring local governments to resist grand funerals and promote minor funerals.
Just like Emperor Wen of Han mentioned by Guan Ning, it is a typical emperor who advocated frugality and promoted burials. Before Emperor Wen died, he issued a decree for burials, making it clear that funerals should be kept simple.
The burial of Emperor Wen’s Ba Tomb is a legend that has been passed down through the ages in the ancient Chinese funeral history and has also become a famous example of emperors’ frugality.
Well, this is just a misunderstanding.
Because later generations have also dug up a lot of treasures in Baling. However, before, the Red Eyebrow Army, Dong Zhuo and Li Guo and others thought that there was really nothing in Baling, or they felt that the benefits of digging Baling were obviously not as good as digging other ones...
In the Jin Dynasty, the legend of Baling Bo Cang was broken. Perhaps the fat experience package had been opened at that time, so the "popular" ones were also made to open. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, thousands of hungry households including Yin Huan of Chang'an and Jie Wu "stole Han Ba ​​and Du Erling, and obtained many treasures."
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu's last edict also strongly advocated the burial of burial. It is worth noting that in the burial of burial, Emperor Guangwu not only did not feel the conflict between filial sons and burial, but also believed that burial of filial sons was an act that should be implemented by filial sons.
Later, in the 12th year of Yongping, Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty, the second year of Jianchu, Emperor Zhang’s 11th year of Yongyuan, Emperor He, the first year of Yongchu, and Emperor An’s 5th year of Yuan Dynasty, both issued an edict to prohibit grand funerals.
However, just like Emperor Wen's "Bo" buried, there are still "gathering treasures" in Baling, the traditional skills of the Han officials who dismissed the Han Dynasty were still fully demonstrated.
Of course, there may be ruling considerations, such as Shang Yang's "Strategy for the Five People"...
Of course, Guan Ning's remarks also received a lot of counterattacks.
After all, there are still many people who are unwilling to do so, especially those who have vested interests.
After all, the people are only poor and poor, and are busy with their livelihoods every day, so they will not think about it. Otherwise, they will have to put up street lamp poles or something at any time. How terrible!
Among these opposing Guan Ning, they naturally found corresponding weapons of confrontation.
Just as the castle is always the easiest to break from the inside, only magic is used to defeat magic, and naturally only Confucian classics are used to refute the Confucian classics...
After Guan Ning declared his ideas, and from Confucius' discussion on Emperor Wen and Emperor Guangwu, and explained Bo Cang, someone whispered to him...
"That's true! A grand funeral is a relative of others! It is said that everyone is close to their relatives, and their growth will last forever and the world will be peaceful! How can you stop eating because of choking?"
"As the saying goes, father and son have relatives, monarch and minister have righteousness, husband and wife have different orders, old and young, and friends have faith. This is the way for people to filial piety and brotherhood. When they enter, they are filial and brotherhood are dependent on each other. Those who serve their parents are great. If they are generous and complimented, they are sincere in serving their parents. How can they all refuse them?"
"Serving parents is the foundation of things. The greatest thing about filial sons is to respect relatives; the greatest thing about respecting relatives is to raise relatives in the world. Being a daughter in the world is to respect the greatest thing about it; raising the world is to raise the greatest thing about it. This is the essence of the meaning of the classics, the first of morality, and the principles of heaven and earth, how can one falsely call it slackness?"
For a moment, the rebuttal was also surging.
Among these remarks, most of them adopted the words of another sage.
That is, Mencius.
Don’t Confucius and Mencius separate their families?
Mencius not only expressed his desire for benevolence and politics, but also expressed his importance to filial piety, and he did so himself. When Mencius's mother passed away, Mencius sent his disciple Chong Yu to ask the craftsman to make a coffin and ordered the coffin to be well-deserved and buried his mother with a grand burial.
Chong Yu thought Mencius had too high requirements for coffins and was too extravagant, so he asked if it was necessary for Mencius to raise the standards so high and do so exquisitely?
Mencius said, "In ancient times, the coffin was unlimited. The ancient coffin was seven inches, and the coffin was called. Since the emperor gained the common people, it was not straightforward to be beautiful, but then it was done to the hearts of the people. It had to be happy; it was happy without money. It was wealthy, and people in ancient times used it. Why was I the only one who was not like this?"
In Mencius's view, the ancients could use thick coffins and heavy coffins, so they could use them themselves. Only in this way can they be considered as having their descendants fulfilled their hearts and having money. Why can't they give their mother a grand funeral?
Simply put, be rich and willful!
So, is Mencius wrong?
Actually, there is nothing wrong.
But the problem was that later disciples expanded and unilateralized Mencius's words.
Mencius was rich, but not everyone had money.
Just like why don’t people eat meat in later generations, they will sigh, “Why don’t young people go to the factory?” Uh, it’s wrong, “How can young people not perform a grand funeral ceremony”?
Once the ruler is high and does not understand the actual situation, and this argument begins to fill the superstructure, from theory to theory, never understand why this happens, and does not care about how to change it. When you just blindly consider it from your own interests, huge social problems will naturally arise.
Just like in the current Han Dynasty, although there are people like Guan Ning who advocated burial insignia, there are also more people who want to bury themselves, and even burial in great detail is still the mainstream attitude. This has led to the fact that the family is poor due to funerals, and the elderly will go bankrupt if they die.
If a grand funeral is not performed, it will be directly or indirectly scolded and accused by the big man keyboard warriors, especially the owners of the manor, local tyrants, and merchants who can benefit from the grand funeral, spare no effort to promote grand funerals, and even instruct some hired robbers to promote grand funerals in black and white, mocking and insulting those who are burying the poor funerals.
Under such circumstances, many poor people, once they are old and feel that they don’t have much time, they will go up the mountain and commit suicide!
Because of this, it is considered missing!
Not considered dead!
Chapter completed!