Cheng Qian left the council with a dark face, and Changsun Wuji and his group also felt like they were running away with their heads in their arms. They walked in a hurry and were unwilling to stay for a moment.

But Ma Zhou and others were all happy and happy.

Especially for those like Xu Jingzong and Chu Suiliang who had long had no awe of the imperial power, today it is not just as simple as defeating the emperor's plan to seize the mine.

The two sessions of the House of Representatives held by the emperor personally received only about 10% of the bills proposed by him. On the contrary, the bills proposed by him received 90% of the support.

Although this is because of their proposals that benefit the members of parliament more, it is not simple.

This time the emperor not only wanted to occupy the mine, but also wanted to pass the parliamentary meeting to bypass the six departments and to win over more members of the parliament to fight against the Zhang party, but the final result was a crushing defeat.

It makes people feel happy to see the emperor eating.

With the precedent of this parliamentary meeting, they have a basis in the future and can hold a conference to confront the emperor in the future.

Fang Xuanling did not leave with the emperor. He looked at the happy people in the House with a complicated expression.

"Ma Xiang, you are really this time..." Fang Xuanling shook his head.

The emperor and Ma Zhou and others did not communicate with him in advance. Such a major matter was taken to the parliament directly.

If there is no opportunity to communicate with the agreement, the game between the two sides is becoming more and more intense.

Today, the emperor's defeat was a huge increase in the prestige of the New Party.

The emperor's authority was suppressed again. Fang Xuanling didn't know whether it was true or false about all this, but he knew one thing that he, the second minister of the cabinet who served as the prime minister, had actually lost his authority.

Today's division between the left and right made him understand that the strength of the New Party has indeed reached a strong stance covering the entire court, from the cabinet to the Hanlin Academy, to the Censorate and the Parliament, they all occupy stronger strength.

The last battle between the rights of coin minting, the right to issue money, and the special tax commodity, and the dispute over the ownership and development of minerals, the emperor and the royal party suffered a crushing defeat.

The New Party not only won a great victory, but especially their reaction speed and their way of dealing with it, fully demonstrated their uncompromisingness to the emperor.

A powerful alliance of interests.

"Fang Xiang, do you think that I am the country reasonable?"

Ma Zhou asked Fang Xuanling.

I am the country, and the power of the king is granted divinely. I have to say that the unity of man and nature has been proposed in the Han Dynasty and has been deeply rooted in people's hearts since it was proposed.

The imperial power is supreme, and even the saying that the emperor is the country is accepted.

However, since Zhenguan, this concept has been impacted.

Today's new party has become dissatisfied with the political philosophy of the country, and the monarchy is granted by God. In these new parties such as Ma Zhou, a new political philosophy has gradually formed a consensus under the leadership of Zhang Chao.

This concept is that the country is greater than the emperor, and even the nation is higher than the country.

They can no longer accept the idea that I am the country.

Who is the greater the emperor or the country? The interests of the country should be higher than the emperor, and the country is not equal to the emperor. In the new party, some people even believe that the interests of the nation should be higher than the national interests. In other words, the court does not equal the country, but the nation is the country.

The current new party is united under this common concept, although some people do not have any political beliefs or the like.

However, this concept of the new party actually provides greater benefits and protection to the largest classes today, the aristocratic vassal class, the industrial and commercial capital class, and even the bureaucratic literati class, and the landlord class.

It doesn’t matter who is the emperor if the new party is short. The country is higher than the emperor and the court.

Compared with the royalists like Changsun Wuji and others, it can be said that the concepts on both sides are completely different.

Changsun Wuji and others still firmly believed that the emperor believed that the court had the highest interests and that the imperial power should not be violated.

"The world is the world of all people."

This is also a consensus of the New Party that the world is not only the emperor, but also the world of the nobles, bureaucrats and capitalists.

Of course, no one has mentioned that the world is the world of the common people.

Whether it is Changsun Wuji or Ma Zhou, the left and right parties still pursue elite politics since ancient times. Ordinary people are just leaders, so how can they participate?

I am the country.

The world is the world of the world.

The collision of ideas is already so fierce that it is impossible to make these people from the New Party respect the imperial power.

It is almost impossible for the emperor to take power again. The new party will tolerate the emperor asking for trouble every day, but it also has a limit.

Once this line is exceeded, or the emperor has done something that has seriously endangered the current political situation, then there is no impossible for another Xuanwu Gate Incident and another Supreme Emperor in the Tang Dynasty.

Fang Xuanling has read a lot of Western history and books over the years, and also knows that in the West, there were many national systems besides the imperial system, such as the Roman Republic, and even ancient Greek city-states. Different city-states also had different systems, some were democratic, some were aristocratic, and some were monarchy.

Ancient Greece and Rome, from city-states to republics, and Rome went from republics to empires.

The Roman Senate and other systems really gave him a different idea of ​​the doctrine of the divine authority of the monarchy.

However, Fang Xuanling still found it difficult to accept this change in the Tang Dynasty.

He believes that the Tang Dynasty is splitting now.

Today, there will be left and right parties in the parliament, which is a sign of a formal separatist party struggle.

The Tang Empire has such a vast territory, rich and powerful, with an elite army of tens of millions of people and hundreds of thousands. Once such a huge empire is divided, one day there will be internal strife and war.

"Fang Xiang, and Wen Yuan have discussed the current and future development of the situation. We do not intend to abolish the imperial system, and the world still needs an emperor. However, the emperor cannot be without any restrictions. The court should be assisted by the cabinet, Hanlin and the parliament to assist the king in the co-governance, and the princes will guard the vassal of the court."

"Is the Puppet Emperor?" Fang Xuanling said frankly without any taboos.

"No, let's take care of each department."

In fact, Zhang Chao has discussed constitutionalism with many people such as Ma Zhou and Chu Suiliang. However, he did not choose the constitutional monarchy system of Britain, France and other countries, but planned to implement the German constitutional monarchy when conditions were ripe.

The constitutional monarchy of the German Empire was called a false constitutional monarchy, also known as a feudal constitutional monarchy.

There is a big background because, from the time Germany was divided to unification, the Junker aristocrats were powerful and there was no bourgeois democratic environment.

Compared with the Void King who was ruled by the British king but did not rule, the German emperor had practical power in all aspects of internal affairs, diplomacy, law and military.

The British cabinet was only responsible to the parliament, but the German cabinet was responsible to the emperor.

In the British Parliament, the members of the upper house are appointed by the king, while the members of the lower house are elected by universal suffrage, and their lower house has greater power. On the contrary, the federal parliament appointed by the federal monarch has real power, and the imperial parliament produced by universal suffrage, that is, the lower house have less power.

British constitutionalism, monarchy is empty, parliament is supreme. German constitutionalism is constitutionalism is virtual, and autocracy is real.

The characteristic of German constitutionalism is that Junker's aristocratic dominance is followed by the bourgeoisie, which is feudal autocracy.

In the Tang Dynasty, it is unlikely to implement constitutionalism of the Void King, and it is difficult to turn around in thoughts.

Therefore, the result of Zhang Chao and Ma Zhou and others' discussion was that the Tang Dynasty should implement constitutionalism in the future, but the emperor still had great power. However, the imperial court was assisted by the cabinet and parliament, and coupled with feudal protection, forming a constitutional system with the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty.

The emperor governed the country through cabinet and parliament, but in essence he divided the nobles, bureaucrats, literati and capitalists to rule the world together.

"Constitutional?"

"By establishing a written constitution, we can determine the political system of the Tang Dynasty and clarify the division of power. This is just like the establishment of the Zhou Li system, which has been promoted by various dynasties for thousands of years since then."

"Can the Constitution limit the imperial power?" Fang Xuanling expressed some doubts.

"Constitution is to give the cabinet and parliament a legal basis for governing the country."

After all, it doesn’t matter whether there is a written constitution or not. Even if it is a verbal unwritten constitution, as long as everyone can maintain it, it will be the same.

Just like now, most people have a consensus that it is better for cabinet prime ministers to lead the court than for the emperor to directly manage the court.

"The Cabinet and the Hanlin Academy assisted the emperor in governing the country, but if both the Cabinet Prime Minister and the Hanlin Academy bachelor must be appointed by the emperor, then everything will be still a castle in the air?"

"Wen Yuan means that the term of office of prime ministers and bachelors will be five years in the future, and they can be re-elected for two terms, but each term will be re-elected one-third of prime ministers and bachelors. The candidates for new prime ministers and bachelors will be nominated and recommended by the Cabinet and Hanlin Academy and selected by the emperor."

Zhang Chao and Ma Zhou also long ago realized the importance of prime ministers and bachelors. If the emperor was allowed to hold the power to appoint prime ministers and bachelors, then wouldn’t the so-called Tang Dynasty constitutionalism be empty talk?

Therefore, this power is not directly handed over to the emperor.

The nine prime ministers and nine bachelors were replaced every five years. Each time the prime ministers and bachelors recommended the emperor a list of candidate prime ministers and bachelors, and each recommended six people.

In the end, the emperor chose three of them.

The emperor had little choice, and the candidates were proposed by the prime minister and the bachelors, and he could not nominate them in the name of these candidates.

"There will be no choice for officials above the third rank to recommend the candidates in the Cabinet and the Hanlin Academy, and the emperor will choose to appoint them."

Personnel rights are a very important power. Only by grasping human rights can we hold power.

The positions of high-ranking officials above the third rank are also recommended by the prime minister and scholars, and the emperor still chooses one of the two. The appointment power of officials from third rank to fifth rank is directly in the cabinet. The appointment power of civil servants below the fifth rank is directly in the Ministry of Personnel, and the appointment power of military officers below the fifth rank is in the Ministry of War.

Constitutionalization means writing these into written constitutions so that the Cabinet and the Hanlin Academy can seize these powers and not hand over again.
Chapter completed!