(32-102), whose courtesy name was Zhongsheng, was from Pingling, Fufeng (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi). He was a famous military strategist and diplomat in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Famous general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, car: curly beast, weapon: cold-blooded sword, famous classic: "You can't get a tiger's son without entering the tiger's den"

is the youngest son of the famous historian Ban Biao. His elder brother Ban Gu and his younger sister Ban Zhao are also famous historians. is a man of great ambitions and does not study details. However, he is filial and respectful in his heart, and he is hard-working at home, so he is not ashamed of humiliation. He is verbal and well-read, and can weigh the severity and examine the truth.

Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of

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In the fifth year of Yongping in the Ming Dynasty of the Han Dynasty (62), 's brother Ban Gu was summoned to Beijing as a proofreader. and his mother followed him to Luoyang. Due to their poor family, copied documents for the government and made a living. wrote at his desk every day, often dropping off his job and sighed: "A real man has no other ambitions, but he should follow Fu Jiezi. Zhang Qian made contributions to the foreign land to win the title of marquis. How could he spend a long time studying and studying the writings?" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of ")? Everyone laughed at him. said: "How can a boy know the ambition of a hero" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of ")!

So he went to the subject to look at the subject, and the subject said, "Salute to wine, and all the common people should be granted a marquis's ten thousand miles away" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of "). asked about the reason, and the subject said, "The swallows were born with a tiger's neck, and flew and ate meat, which is the marquis's ten thousand miles away" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of ").

After a while, Emperor Ming asked Ban Gu: "Your brother is here." Ban Gu said: "Writing books as an official, he received direct support for his mother" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). Emperor Ming then appointed as the Lantai Lingshi, in charge of memorials and documents. However, not long after, was dismissed from his post because of minor negligence.

In the 16th year of Yongping (73), Dou Gu, the commander of the chariot, sent troops to attack the Xiongnu. followed the Northern Expedition and served as the fake Sima (acting Sima) in the army. The fake Sima official was very young, but it was the first step for to turn to military life in his career. As soon as arrived in the military, he showed his unique talent. He led his troops to attack Yiwu (now the Four Forts in Hami, Xinjiang), fought in Pulehai (now the Balikun Lake, Xinjiang), and tried his best to kill and captured many enemies. Dou Gu admired his military talents very much and sent him to the Western Regions with Guo Xun.

After a brief and careful preparation, and Guo Xun led 36 subordinates to the Western Regions. first arrived in Shanshan (now southwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang). King Shanshan first asked and others about their well-being, respectfulness, and then suddenly changed their attitude and became distant and cold. , based on his sensitivity, probably had a reason. He said to his subordinates: "Would you rather be broad and have a weak moral character? This must be a Northern Barbarians who came here, and they doubted that they did not know where to go. Those who are wise saw that they had not yet aroused, and they were already evil" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of ").

So called the Shanshan servant who received them and asked him unexpectedly: "How can you care about the Xiongnu envoys come for a few days?" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). The waiter was unexpected and could not speak in a hurry, so he had to tell the truth. detained the waiter to prevent the leak of information. Then, he immediately summoned thirty-six subordinates to drink and meet. When he was drunk, deliberately made a statement to anger everyone: "You and I are in the terrible territory, and want to make great contributions to seek wealth. Now the captain envoy was sentenced for a few days, and Wang Guanglijing was abolished; if he ordered Shanshan to accept our subordinates and send them to him.

The Huns, the bones of the bones grew and were eaten by jackals. What should they do? "Everyone said: "Now in a dangerous place, life and death follow Sima." said: "If you don't enter the tiger's den, you won't get a tiger's son. The only thing that is to attack the enemy with fire at night will make them not know how many of me will be greatly shocked and can be wiped out. If you destroy this enemy, then Shanya will be brave and successful." Some subordinates said: "You should discuss it with the people." was furious and said: "Good or bad luck depends on today. When officials in civilized affairs hear this, they will be afraid of their plans and will die. They will die without a name. They are not a hero" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). The subordinates unanimously said this.

It was just dark every day, and led his soldiers to the Huns' envoy's base. It was windy, and ordered ten people to hide in the enemy's base with drums. After the fire broke out, they made an appointment to knock on the war drums and shout loudly. They also ordered others to ambush the door with swords, guns, bows and crossbows. After the arrangement, set fire with the wind. For a moment, thirty-six people clamored, and the sound was noisy. The Huns were in a mess and had no way to escape. personally fought three Huns, and his subordinates killed more than 30 people, and the rest of the Huns were buried in the sea of ​​fire.

The next day, reported the matter to Guo Xun. Guo Xun was first surprised, and then a look of injustice appeared on his face. knew that he was jealous, so he raised his hand and said to him: "Although the prosecutor is not good, why is the only one who is good at it?" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). Guo Xun was happy. invited King Shanshan and showed him the head of the Xiongnu envoy. King Shanshan was shocked and the whole country was shocked. comforted him with kind words and explained the reason. King Shanshan expressed his willingness to submit to the Han Dynasty and agreed to send the prince to the Han Dynasty as a proton.

completed his mission, led the crowd to return to the capital, and reported the situation to Dou Gu. Dou Gu was overjoyed and reported to him that had made more achievements and made achievements. He also asked the emperor to select envoys to go to the Western Regions again. The emperor admired 's courage and strategy, and believed that he was a rare talent. He said to Dou Gu: "The officials are like , why did they not send them to be elected? Now Chao is the Sima of the Army, and ordered them to fulfill their previous achievements" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of "). Dou Gu believed that had too few people under him and wanted to add some more to him. said: "It is enough to follow the more than thirty people in the institute. If there is any unfavorable situation, it will be more burdensome" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of ").

and others marched to the Western Regions, and soon arrived in Khotan (now Hotan, Xinjiang). At that time, King Guangde of Khotan recently captured Shache (now Shache, Xinjiang), and in the south of Gaozhang, the Xiongzhi, the Huns sent envoys to Istan, named as the custody of the country, and actually held the power of the country. After arrived in Khotan, the King of Khotan was rude and was quite cold. The witches of Khotan were so strong that the witchers said to King of Tan: "Why did the gods want to go to Han? The Han envoys had a horse and were eager to take them to sacrifice me" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·

Biography of ). The King of Khotan sent someone to ask for the horse. had already understood the whole story and agreed happily. However, he asked the witch to take him to the witch himself. When the witch arrived, killed him without saying anything, and sent his head back to the King of Khotan to understand the pros and cons and blamed him for morality. The King of Khotan had long heard of 's actions of killing the Xiong envoys in Shanshan Kingdom. He was quite frightened and immediately ordered the killing of the Xiong envoys and surrendering to the Han Dynasty. highly rewarded the King of Khotan and his ministers.

At that time, the king of Kucha (now the eastern suburb of Kuqa County, Xinjiang) supported by the Huns to relied on the power of the Huns to move wildly in the northern road. He sent troops to attack Shule (now Kashgar City, Xinjiang) and killed the king. He established another Kucha people titled Shule King, which Shule Kingdom was actually in the hands of the Kucha people. The following spring, led his subordinates to the Shule Kingdom from the small road. walked to the Jiali City where Doutou lived and sent his subordinate Tian Lu to recruit surrender Doutou. instructed: "Dou's book is not a Shule species, and the people of the country will not have to do anything. If they do not surrender immediately, they can hold it up" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). Tian Lu came to see him alone.

Dou Que. Dou Que. Dou Que saw that Tian Lu was alone and had no intention of surrendering. Tian Lu took advantage of his unpreparedness and snatched him up and kidnapped him. Suddenly, Dou Ti’s men ran away in fear. Tian Lu galloped on a horse and reported to . immediately came to Jiali City. He gathered all the civil and military officials of Shule, told them all the unreasonable behaviors in Kucha, and announced that he had established another king of Shule, the king who had been killed, was called "Zhong" to be the king. Shule was very happy. The new king and a group of officials wanted to kill Dou Que, but set out from the overall situation and persuaded everyone to release Dou Que. Shule pacified.

At this point, took two missions. With his wisdom and courage, he had successively sent Shanshan, Yutian and Shule to restore friendly relations with the Han Dynasty.

In 75 AD, Emperor Ming of Han passed away. Yanqi (now Yanqi Autonomous County, Xinjiang) took advantage of the great devastation of the Han Dynasty to besiege the Western Regions Protector Chen Mu. was isolated and helpless, while Kucha, Gumo (now Wensu, Xinjiang, Aksu) and other countries also repeatedly sent troops to attack Shule. and Shule Wang Zhong were supporting each other, echoing from the beginning to the end, and refused to defend the marsh city. Although they were alone, they still refused to defend for more than a year.

In 76 AD, Emperor Zhang of Han ascended the throne. The court believed that Chen Mu was dead and was worried that would be alone in the border and could not support him. He issued an edict to order to return to China. was ordered to return, and Shule was worried and afraid of the whole country. The commander Li Yan said: "The Han envoy abandoned me, and I will be destroyed by Kuchao again. I really can't bear to see the Han envoy" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). After that, he drew his sword and committed suicide. led his troops to Khotan, and the kings and princes of the Khotan kings and princes cried loudly. They said: "If you follow the Han envoys like your parents, you must not leave" ("Later Han Dynasty"

Book of Biography of ). Many people hugged 's horse legs and tried to keep them. Seeing this, knew that the elders of Khotan would never let him go east, and he also wanted to stay here and fulfill his ambition to make contributions to foreign lands, so he resolutely decided not to return to the Han Dynasty and return to Shule. After left, he had surrendered to Kucha again and joined forces with the Weitou Kingdom (now Aheqi, Xinjiang). The picture shows a great chaos. captured the rebel leader, defeated the Weitou Kingdom, killed more than 600 people, and restored Shule.

In the third year of Jianchu (78th), led more than 10,000 soldiers from Shule and other countries to attack Gumo, and captured him, beheaded 700 levels, and isolated Kucha.

In the fifth year (80th), wrote a letter to Emperor Zhang, analyzing the situation and his own situation in the Western Regions, and putting forward the idea of ​​taking the opportunity to pacify the countries in the Western Regions.

The book says: "I secretly saw that the former emperor wanted to open the Western Regions, so he attacked the Xiongnu in the north and sent foreign countries to the west. Shanshan was in real time. Now, Gumi, Shache, Shule, Yuezhi, Wusun, Kangju is willing to submit, and they want to work together to destroy Kucha and open the Han road. If they get Kucha, one percent of the Western Regions have not been accepted. I am only thinking about it, and the soldiers of the army are willing to serve Guji to serve the dead land, so that Zhang Qian will abandon the wilderness. In the past, the officials of Wei Jiang were able to reconcile.

Besides, I am following the power of the Han Dynasty, but I have no use of cutting a knife? In the past, I have said that I have taken thirty-six countries and called the right arm of the Xiongnu. Now, all the countries in the Western Regions have changed from where they entered the sun, and they are all in great and prosperous, and they have been tributed. Only Yanqi, Kucha, did not obey. I was thirty-six officials and officials who were in charge of the extinction of the territory, and I was in trouble. I was alone in guarding Shule. In the past, I have been very concerned about Hu Yi and Yi. I have known him a lot. When asked about the small and large cities, I said that I have said that I have relied on the Han Dynasty and

According to the heavens, etc., if this is done, the geese can be connected. If the geese is connected, the geese can be attacked. Now it is advisable to call the geese son Bai Ba as his king, send him hundreds of infantry and cavalry to join forces with other countries. As time goes by, the geese can be used to attack the geese. The good plan is to be considered. I saw Shache, and the fields are fertile and the grass is abundant, and the grass is not as good as Dunhuang and Shan is leisurely. The soldiers can be fully fed without China. Moreover, Gumo and Wensu (now Wushi, Xinjiang) two kings, especially

If you are not a species of the species, you will be more disgusted with each other's suffering. If the two countries surrender, then Kucha will be destroyed. I hope that the following officials will be able to do things. I am sure that there will be ten thousand words, so why would you hate it if you die? I am a little bitched, and I hope that the gods will not be able to make it difficult for you to see the pacification of the Western Regions. Your Majesty will raise a thousand-year-old cup to recommend the temple to the ancestral temple, and the cloth will be very happy in the world" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). proposed the strategy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" for the first time in the book.

Emperor Zhang of Han read the list and knew that could achieve success. He was very satisfied and prepared to increase 's strength. Xu Gan, a native of Pingling, had like-mindedness and asked to work hard in a foreign land to assist . The court immediately appointed him as the agent Sima and sent him to lead a thousand people to reinforce .

At first, Shache thought that the Han soldiers would not come, so he surrendered to Kucha, and the Shule Duwei Fanchen also rebelled. Xu Gan arrived at Shule, and and Xu Gan killed Fanchen together, beheaded more than a thousand levels, and quelled the rebellion. After broke through Fanchen, he wanted to march into Kucha. At that time, the Wusun Kingdom had strong troops, and thought it was necessary to use its power, so he wrote: "The Wusun Kingdom controls 100,000, so Emperor Wu's wife was the princess and Emperor Xiaoxuan, and finally got the help of it. Now he can send envoys to comfort him and work together" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). Emperor Zhang adopted his suggestion.

In the eighth year of Jianchu (83), was appointed as the general and chief minister, and pretended to promote the army. He was promoted to Xu Gan as the Sima of the Army. He also sent the Marquis of Wei Li Yi to escort the Wusun envoy and gave brocade and silk from Kunmi to the Greater and Greater Kunmi.

Li Yi walked to Yutian and caught up with Kucha to attack Shule. He was so scared that he dared not move forward again. In order to conceal his cowardice, he wrote a letter to the court, saying that the affairs of the Western Regions were exhausted and meaningless. He also said that "holds his beloved wife, holds his beloved son, and enjoys the foreign country, and has no inner heart" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of "). heard this and sighed: "I am not Zeng Shen, but I have the slander of the Three Great Ones, and I am afraid that I will doubt it at that time" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty?Biography of "). So he resolutely let his wife leave him. Emperor Zhang of Han knew that was loyal to the country and issued an edict to blame Li Yi. The edict said: "Even if Chao holds his beloved wife, holds his beloved son, and there are more than a thousand people who want to go home, how can they all be in the same heart as Chao?" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty?Biography of "). He also ordered Li Yi to accept 's jurisdiction and dispatch, saying that decide whether to let Li Yi stay in the Western Regions based on the situation.

immediately asked Li Yi to bring Wusun’s attendant son back to Beijing. Xu Gan advised : "The king in front of the city destroyed the king and wanted to defeat the Western Regions. Why not let him keep him for the edict and send him to his attendant son?" said: "What is this so bad? Because the city destroyed Chao, I will send him now. I will not be guilty. Why do you care about others? I will keep him happy, but it is not a loyal minister" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of ").

The following year, the Han Dynasty sent He Gong as the agent Sima, leading 800 troops to reinforce . was preparing to mobilize Shule, and the troops from Khotan attacked Shache. Shache sent people to contact Shule Wang Zhong in private and bribe him with heavy gifts. Zhong betrayed , launched a rebellion, and occupied Wuji City. changed his rebellion to establish the founding of the Palace Chengda to King Shule, mobilized troops to attack Zhong, and the country sent elite troops to assist Zhong. could not capture it for a long time. At that time, Yuezhi had just married Kangju, and sent people to give Yuezhi a generous gift to King Xiao, asking him to benefit and harm the Kangju King. King Kangju stopped his troops and took Zhong back, and Wuji City was restored.

Three years later, Zhong borrowed some troops from King Kangju, lived in the ruins, colluded with Kucha, and sent people to surrender to . saw his treacherous and agreed to surrender. Zhong was very happy and went to see with light clothes. had food and fun. During the banquet, he ordered people to kill Zhong and marched to defeat his soldiers. The south road was then connected.

The next year (89), sent more than 20,000 soldiers from Khotan and other countries to attack Shache. King Fa of Kucha sent Left General Fa Wensu, Gumo and Weitou to join forces to rescue Shache. The enemy was strong and we were weak, decided to use the strategy of diversion of the tiger and leaving the mountain. He summoned the generals and the King of Khotan to discuss military situations. He deliberately pretended to be timid and said, "There are few soldiers now, and the plan is better than to disperse. When the emperor follows this and goes east, the chief minister also returns here, so he must be drumming at night" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Biography of ").

Chao secretly instructed the person to deliberately relax the custody of the captives of Kucha and let them escape back to report the news. The King of Kucha was overjoyed when he heard this. He led tens of thousands of cavalry to intercept in the west and sent King Wensu to lead 8,000 people to block Khotan in the east. found out that they had sent troops and quickly ordered the troops to launch together. When the rooster crowed, he rushed to Shache Base Camp. There was no preparation in the camp, and the soldiers fled. chased and killed more than 5,000 levels and captured his horse and animal property. The Kingdom of Shache had to surrender, and the King of Kucha had to disperse. thus shocked the Western Regions.

At that time, the Great Yuezhi (now in Afghanistan) country helped the Han Dynasty attack Cheshi for its contribution. In 87 AD, the king sent an envoy to 's residence to pay tribute to the Han Dynasty treasures, lions and other things, and proposed to marry the Han Dynasty princess. refused this request, and the Great Yuezhi king was resentful.

In the summer of the second year of Yongyuan (90), the deputy king of the Great Yuezhi, Xie led 70,000 troops to cross the Pamir Plateau and the western section of the Kunlun Mountains, and the southeast section of the Karat Kunlun Mountains) to attack . had few soldiers, and everyone was panicked. said: "Although there were many soldiers in the Yuezhi, they were brought thousands of miles away, and there was no transportation. Why worry? But you should settle the grain and hold on. If you were hungry and poor, you will be determined in just a few dozen days" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Biography of "). Xie, deputy king of the Great Yuezhi, attacked ,

He was unable to conquer, plundered food and grass, and had no gains, so he was exhausted. estimated that his food and grass was about to be exhausted, so he would send people to Kucha for help, and ordered hundreds of soldiers to ambush the east in advance. Xie Guoran sent troops to Kucha to ask for help. had a large ambush, killed the envoy, and sent people to show Xie. Xie was shocked and had no evidence to advance and retreat, so he had to send envoys to apologize to , hoping to let them go. let them return home. The Great Yuezhi was shocked and reconciled with the Han Dynasty as before.

The following year, Kucha, Gumo, Wensu and other countries all surrendered. The court appointed as the guru, Xu Gan as the chief minister, and appointed Bai Ba as the king of Kucha, and sent Sima Yao Guang to send him. and Yao Guang ordered Kucha to abolish the original king Yurido and support Bai Ba. Yao Guang brought Yurido back to the capital.

So was stationed in Taqian City, Kucha. At this time, only Yanqi remained in the Western Regions, Weixu (now northeast of Yanqi, Xinjiang) and Yuli (now northeast of Korla, Xinjiang). Because he had killed Chen Mu, the Western Regions protector, and had not yet returned to the Han Dynasty. The rest of the countries had been pacified.

In the autumn of the sixth year of Yongyuan (94th), sent 70,000 troops from the eight countries including Kucha and Shanshan to attack Yanqi. Weixu and Yuli. The army arrived at the Yuli area. sent an envoy to inform the kings of the Three Kingdoms: "The guardians want to pacify the three kingdoms. They want to make mistakes and good deeds, so they should send an adult to welcome them. They should reward the kings and princes, and they will return after the work is over. Now they will give 500 king lottery tickets" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of ").

Yanqi Wang Guang sent the left general Beijue branch to send ox wine to welcome . accused him and said, "Although you are the Xiongnu serving your son, you are now in power. The guru will come. The king will not welcome him at the right time, which is your fault." 's men advised him to kill Beijue branch, but disagreed. He said, "It is not your way. This person is more powerful than the king. He has not entered the country and killed him. So he doubted that he was in danger and could not get his city." ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of ")! So gave Beijue branch a lot of gifts and let him return to his country. Seeing that Beijue branch was fine, Yanqi Wang Guang personally led a high-ranking official to welcome in Yuli and presented gifts. However, he did not really want to enter his borders. He followed.

returned there and immediately ordered the demolition of the bridge at the mountain pass of the border. entered the country from another road and stationed troops twenty miles away from the royal city. When Yanqi King saw coming suddenly, he was shocked and wanted to escape into the mountains to resist. Yuan Meng, the left marquis of Yanqi Kingdom, had entered the capital in the past and quietly sent envoys to report to . In order to stabilize the nobles of Yanqi Kingdom, killed Yuan Meng's envoys. decided to invite the kings and ministers of the Three Kingdoms, and claimed that they would give generous rewards at that time. More than 30 people, including Yanqi King Guang, Yuli King Fan and Beizhuzhi, believed it and came to the meeting together. Seventeen people including Yanqi Prime Minister Kuoji were afraid of being killed and fled, and King Weixu did not come.

At the beginning of the banquet, everyone sat down. suddenly changed his face and asked King Yanqi and others, "Why did the king of danger not be? Why did he escape after a long time of fury?" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). The warriors ordered the warriors to capture Guang and Fan in one fell swoop, and they were killed all of them in the ancient city where Chen Mu was stationed at that time, and they were sent to the capital. They then plundered more than 5,000 levels, beheaded more than 15,000 people, and more than 300,000 horses, cattle and sheep. Then appointed Yuan Meng as the king of Yanqi. In order to stabilize the situation, stayed there for half a year.

At this point, more than 50 countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and finally realized his ideal of making contributions to the foreign land.

In the seventh year of Yongyuan (95th year), the imperial court issued an edict saying: "The Xiongnu were the only one who was in power in the Western Regions, and the enemy was robbed in Hexi. At the end of Yongping, the city gate was closed on the day. The former emperor was deeply concerned about the border Mengying Luo's robbery, so he ordered the generals to attack the right land, break the Baishan Mountain, lean on Puli, and take the Cheshi. The city and other countries were shocked and responded, so they opened the Western Regions and established the guardian. However, the Yanqi King Shun and Shun Zizhong planned to rebel, held the dangerous and narrow passes, destroyed the guardians, and also sent officials and soldiers. The former emperor respected Yuanyuan's orders and feared the rise of military service, so he sent troops.

Sima gathered west of the temple. Chao then passed the Fengcheng territory and went to the county. After twenty-two years of travel, all of them followed. They changed their kings and pacified the people. They did not move China, did not bother the military and the soldiers, and obtained the harmony of the far-far and the common people, and they were punished by heaven and shame, and they repaid the old men and women. Sima Fa said: 'The reward does not exceed a month, so I want people to quickly do good things.' He was granted Chao the title of Dingyuan Marquis, and the town has thousands of households" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of "). Later generations called it "Ban Dingyuan".

Biography of (excerpt)---〔Southern Dynasty·Song Dynasty〕 Fan Ye

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【Question】

The continuous invasion of the Huns in the northwest China was a hidden danger that the Han Dynasty had on the border for more than 400 years. How to correctly handle this issue is related to the development of the political economy of the Han Dynasty and its economic and cultural exchanges with the countries in the Western Regions, and therefore it was valued by rulers of all dynasties. (32-102) was an outstanding general who appeared under such historical conditions. With his extraordinary political and military talents, he correctly implemented the Han Dynasty's policy of "cutting off the right arm of the Huns" in the 31st year of the Western Regions. From beginning to end, he was based on winning the majority, dividing, disintegrating and expelling the forces of the Huns, and thus winning the battle and winning the attack. He not only maintained the security of the motherland, but also strengthened the ties with all ethnic groups in the Western Regions, and made outstanding contributions to the formation, consolidation and development of our multi-ethnic state.

【original】

, whose courtesy name was Zhongsheng, was from Pingling, Fufeng [1], and Xu Lingbiao's youngest son [2]. He was a man with great ambitions and did not cultivate details, but he was filial and cautious, and was always hard at home and was not ashamed of humiliation. He had oral arguments, but was obsessed with books and biography.

In the fifth year of Yongping [3], my brother was summoned to the proofreader [4], and Chao and his mother followed him to Luoyang [5]. The family was poor and often served as an official servant to support him. He worked hard for a long time. He stopped working and wrote to him and sighed, "A real man has no other ambitions, but he should follow Fu Jiezi. Zhang Qian made great contributions to the foreign land. 7], and was awarded a title to the marquis. How could he work for a long time? "Everyone laughed at him. How could he know the ambition of a hero?" Later, he laughed at him. Chao said, "How can a boy know the ambition of a hero?"

Those who went to the prime minister said, "Salute to wine [9], and all the common people should be granted the title of marquis thousands of miles away." Chao asked about his condition. The prime minister pointed out, "The swallows were born with tigers and necks [10], and flew and ate meat. This is the prime minister of marquis thousands of miles away." After a long time, Emperor Xianzong asked Gu [11]: "Where are you here?" Gu replied, "As an official, he wrote a book and received a direct support for his mother. "12]." The emperor then eliminated Chao as the Lantai Shishi [13]. Later, he was dismissed from the official position.

In the 16th year, Dou Gu, the commander of the chariot, attacked the Xiongnu [15], took Chao as a fake Sima [16], and attacked Yiwu [17], fought in Pulehai [18], and beheaded the captains and returned. Gu thought he could, so he sent Guo Xun to the Western Regions [19]. Chao arrived in Shanshan [20], and Wang Guang of Shanshan was very respectful, and later became even more lazy. Chao said to his official subordinates, "Would you rather have a poor manner? This must be a Northern Barbarian envoy. He suspected that he did not know where to follow. He was [22]. Those who were wise saw that it was not a dream, so he had already been caught?" He ordered Hu to deceive him and said, "23]: "The Xiongnu envoy has come for a few days, how do you care?" The servant Hu was frightened and accepted his words. "24]. Chao then closed the servant Hu [25], and met with his thirty-six officials and soldiers, and drank with them. He was angry and said, "You and I are in the dead land [26], and want to make great achievements to seek wealth. Now the captives have been sentenced for several days [27], and Wang Guanglijing was abolished. Now Shanshan has taken over my subordinates to send them to the Huns, and their bones have grown to feed them. What should we do for it?" The officials and subordinates all said, "Now they are in a dangerous place, and their lives and death are followed by Sima." Chao said, "If you don't enter the tiger's den, you won't get a tiger's son. The current plan is that only the enemy attacked the captives with fire at night. If they don't know how many of me, they will be shocked and terrible. It can be wiped out. 30]. If you destroy this captive, Shanshan will lose his courage and achieve success." The crowd said, "We should discuss it with the people." Chao said, "Good or bad luck depends on today. When the civil servants are engaged in this, they will be afraid to vent their plans. They will die without a name. They are not a hero." The crowd said, "Good."

At first, he led the officials and soldiers to the camp. When the wind was strong, Chao ordered ten people to hold the drums and hid the queen of the enemy. He made an appointment, "When they saw the fire, they all should ring the drums and shout." The rest of the people were holding soldiers and crossbows and stumbled on the door. Chao set fire along the wind and clamored, and the enemy rioted. Chao was frightened, and Chao killed three people with his hands. The officials and soldiers killed more than 30 levels of his followers, and more than a hundred people were burned to death. Tomorrow, he told Guo Xun. Xun was shocked, and then he was moved. Chao knew his intention and raised his hand and said, " Although the clerk was not good at [34], why did be the only one who was good at [35]?" Xun was happy. Chao summoned King Guang of Shanshan and showed him the head of the enemy. The country was terrified. Chao immediately told him to comfort him, so he took his son as a qualifier. He also reported to Dou Gu, and Gu was very happy. He had the effect of Chao, and he also asked for a new recruit to envoy the Western Regions. Emperor Zhuang Chaojie [37], and ordered Gu to say, "Why didn't the official officer be like ? Now he took Chao as the army Sima [38], and ordered him to succeed in his previous achievements. "

Chao received an envoy again, and wanted to increase his troops. Chao said, "I hope to follow the more than thirty people in the office. If there is any unexpected surprise, it will be a lot of burden." At that time, King Guangde of Khotan defeated Shache [42], and then the Xiongz sent envoys to supervise his country. After Chao came west, he went to Khotan first. Guangde first came to Khotan, and his common belief in wu [44]. The wu said, "Why do you want to go to Han? The Han envoy had a stalker horse [45], and urgently asked to take it to me." Guangde sent an envoy to ask for the horse. Chao knew the situation secretly and replied to him, and asked the wu to come and take it. After a while, the wu arrived, Chao immediately beheaded his head to send Guangde to him, and he refused to give it to him. [46]. Guangde had heard that Chao was in Shanshan and destroyed the envoys, and he was very frightened, so he ordered the envoys to attack and kill the Xiongz envoys and surrendered Chao. Chao was given his king and was given a heavy hand and he was pacified.

At that time, King Jian of Kucha was established by the Xiongnu. Relying on the power of the enemy, he occupied the northern road, and attacked Shule [48], killed his king, and established the Kucha people as King Shule. Next spring, Chao went from the interlude to Shule and went to Panli City where Duote lived 90 miles [49], and sent the envoy Tian Lu to surrender first. The imperial edict said [51]: "Dou's title is not a Shule species, and the people of the country will not need their lives. If they do not surrender immediately, they can "After thinking, Dou's question was weak and had no intention of surrendering. Because he was unprepared, he tied Dou's question in front of him. The left and right came out of his surprise, and they were all frightened and ran away. I replied to Chao, and Chao immediately went there and summoned Shule's generals and officials, saying that Kuchao was unrighteous, so he made the king's brother and son Zhong the king, and the people of the country were very pleased. Zhong and his officials all asked to kill Dou's question, but Chao refused to listen and wanted to show his prestige and released him. Shule then made a grudge with Kuchao.

In the 18th year, the emperor died. Yanqi took the great funeral of China [52] and then attacked the defender Chen Mu [53]. Chao was isolated and had no help. In Kucha, Gumo sent several troops to attack Shule [54]. Chao defended Panli City, with Zhong as the head and tail. The soldiers and officials were still young, and refused to stay for the rest of the year. Suzong first ascended the throne [55], because Chen Muxin was in danger and could not establish himself, he issued an edict to conquer Chao. Chao returned, Shule was worried and afraid that the whole country would be afraid. His commander Li Yan said [56]: "The Han envoy abandoned me, I

He must be destroyed by Kucha again. He really can't bear to see the Han envoys go." So he used a knife to swear by himself. Chao returned to Khotan, and the kings and princes all cried and said, "I am like my parents, I am not allowed to go." He hugged Chao and did not go. Chao was afraid that Khotan would not listen to him, so he wanted to fulfill his original intention, so he returned to Shule. After Chao left the two cities of Shule, he surrendered to Kucha and joined forces with Weitou. Chao captured and killed the rebels, defeated Weitou, killed more than 600 people, and Shule was restored to An.

In the third year of Jianchu [59], Chao led Shule, Kangju and Yutian, and arrested 10,000 soldiers. He captured Moshi City, destroyed it, and beheaded 700 levels. Chao wanted to pacify the countries. He then submitted a memorial to ask for troops, saying, "I have seen that the former emperor wanted to open the Western Regions [62], so he attacked the Xiongnu in the north and sent foreign countries in the west [*], Shanshan and Yutian, and immediately went to Huahua. Now Kumi, Shache, Shule, Yuezhi, Wusun, Kangju is willing to submit [65], and wants to work together to destroy Kucha and spread the Han road. If you get Kucha, the Western Regions will not be subdued.

One percent of them. I only think of it. I am only thinking about it. The soldiers of the army are small officials. I am willing to follow Gu Ji to serve the dead land. 67. Zhang Qian abandoned the wilderness. 68. In the past, the officials of Wei Jiang from all over the country were still able to coordinate the army. What’s more, I am respecting the power of the Han Dynasty, but without the use of a lead knife. 70. In the past, all those who discussed in the past said that they took the thirty-six countries, called the right arm of the Xiongnu. 71. Now, all the countries in the Western Regions have entered the day. 72. All the people have gone to the transformation [73]. They are very happy and have been tributed. Only Yanqi, Kucha, has not obeyed.

Thirty-six officials under the jurisdiction of the government were sent to the extinction of the territory, and they were in trouble. They were alone in guarding Shule. In the past five years, the number of Huyi's feelings was 74. I know him very well. When asked about the small and large city, they all said that they were based on Han and Yitian. Therefore, they were able to follow the Han Dynasty and Yitian. Therefore, they could follow the examples of this. If the onion is connected, they could be defeated. Now they should be appointed as the son of Kucha Baiba as his king. [77], and sent him hundreds of infantry and cavalry to join forces with the countries. In the years, Kucha can be attacked by birds. [78]. The barbarians attacked the barbarians. The good plan was to be considered. I saw Shache, and Shule's fields were fat and vast, and the grass was herding.

Rao Yan〔80〕, not like Dunhuang and Shanshan〔81〕. The army does not cost China, but the food is self-sufficient. Moreover, Gumo and Wensu two kings were specially built by Kucha. They are not of their own species and are more disgusted with each other. They will inevitably surrender and rebellion. If the two countries surrender, Kucha will be destroyed. I hope that the following officials will be very serious, so why should they be resented and resigned? I am very immature, and the gods are very popular. I am very immature, and I hope that the servants will not be able to escape from the dead. I saw that the Western Regions were pacified. Your Majesty raised the cup for thousands of years [85] and recommended the ancestor temple [86]. Bu was very happy in the world."

The emperor knew that his achievements could be achieved, so he proposed to give troops. Comrade Xu Gansu and Chao from Pingling [87] submitted a memorial to support Chao. In the fifth year, he regarded Gan as a fake Sima, and was about to relax his punishment and righteousness from a thousand people. First, Shache thought that the Han soldiers would not come out, so he surrendered to Kucha, and Shule Duwei Fanchen also rebelled again. When Xu Gan arrived, Chao attacked Fanchen and defeated him, and beheaded more than a thousand levels. He was mostly born. After Chao broke Fanchen, he wanted to attack Kucha, and

Wusun's army was strong, so it was better to be based on its strength [90], so he said: "The great country of Wusun controls ten thousand [91], so Emperor Wu's wife was the princess [92], and Emperor Xiaoxuan finally got his help. Now he can send envoys to comfort him and work together with him." The emperor accepted it. In the eighth year, Chao was appointed as the commander of the army [94], pretending to promote the slogan [95], and Xu Gan was appointed as the Sima of the army. He sent the Marquis of Wei Li Yi to escort the envoy of Wusun [96], and gave brocade and silk from Kunmi to the small and small Kunmi.

Li Yi first arrived in Khotan, and was on Kutcha to attack Shule. He was afraid that he would not dare to go forward. He wrote a letter to the Western Regions that he had failed to achieve his achievements. He also destroyed Chao's loving wife [98], holding his beloved son, and enjoying the foreign country, without any internal concern. Chao sighed when he heard this and said, "I am not Zeng Shen, but there are three slanderings [99], and I am afraid that I will doubt it at that time." Then he left his wife. The emperor knew Chao Zhong, so he blamed the country and said, "Even if Chao holds his beloved wife, holding his beloved son, and there are more than a thousand people who want to go home, how can he be the same as Chao?" Ling Yi said, "Even if Chao holds his beloved wife, holding his beloved son, and there are more than a thousand people who want to go home. How can he be the same as Chao?"

He went to Chao to receive the Jiedu [100]. The imperial edict: If the city is outside, Liu will work with him. Chao immediately sent the city general Wusun to the capital. Xu Gan said to Chao: "The city has destroyed the king in front of him, and wants to defeat the Western Regions. Why not ask for the imperial edict to Liu [103] and send other officials to the attendant of the son?" Chao said: "What is this so bad? Because the city is destroyed, Chao is now sent to him, and he will not be guilty. Why do you care about others? I am willing to keep him, but I am not loyal to him."

Next year, four other men including Sima Hegong and others sent 800 soldiers to Chao. Chao sent Shule and Khotan troops to attack Shache. Shache Yintong sent Shule King Zhong to ate the king of Shule to slaughter the city [105]. Zhong then rebelled and followed the city of Baowu. Chao then appointed his palace chief Chengda as Shule King [106]. He all sent him to attack Zhong if he did not rebel. After half a year, Kangju sent elite troops to rescue him. Chao could not go there. At that time, Yuezhi had married Kangju and had a blind date. Chao sent envoys to bring more gold and silk to the King of Yuezhi.

, ordered Xiao to show Kangju King. Kangju King then abolished his troops and took Zhong to return to his country. Wu immediately surrendered to the city. Three years later, Zhong said that Kangju King borrowed troops and returned to the city. He secretly conspired with Kucha and sent an envoy to surrender Yu Chao. Chao knew his treacherous inside, but pretended to agree to him. Zhong was very happy and immediately followed the light cavalry to Chao. Chaomi took troops to wait for him. To provide Zhang Shile [110], he ordered the officials to tie Zhong up and behead him. He defeated his people and killed more than 700 people. The southern road was then opened.

Next year, Chao sent 25,000 troops from various countries in Khotan to attack Shache again. The King of Kucha sent the left generals, Fawen Su, Gumo and Weitou, to rescue him. Chao summoned the generals and the King of Khotan to discuss, "There is no more than to disperse each. Khotan followed this and went east. The chief minister also returned here. He could have a drum sound at night. "There was a sound of Shengkou. 112. The King of Kucha heard this and was very happy. He said that ten thousand cavalry were on the western border of Zhachao. 113. King of Wensu led 8,000 cavalry to the eastern border of Khotan. 114. Chao knew that the two barbarians had already left, so he secretly summoned the troops to recruit soldiers. The chicken cried and rushed to Shache camp. Hu Da was frightened and chased and killed more than 5,000 levels, and seized more than 5,000 horses, and property were captured. Kucha and others retreated. He was scattered. He was a powerful force in the Western Regions.

【Note】

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To be continued...