Some readers asked about the issue of Liaodong in the early Ming Dynasty, and believed that the Goryeo people had long been surrendering, so why there was a Liaodong War in "Ming Dynasty". Although this book is a blatant, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Goryeo was not made up by the drunkard. There is an article on the Internet that is explained more clearly, and it is now reproduced as follows.

King Gongmin's late Ming, Goryeo Relations and Ming, Meng's Battle

Li Xinfeng

In August of the first year of Wu (1368 AD), Ming army captured Dadu, and Ming and Goryeo took the initiative to send envoys to hire him. [1] In May of the 18th year of King Gongmin of Goryeo (2nd year of Hongwu, 1369), Goryeo resigned to the Ming Dynasty, and the Hongwu year was held in the 19th year (3rd year of Hongwu, 1370), [3] From then on, "sent envoys to congratulate him, and the year was always the same." [4] The Ming Dynasty "had a great deal of courtesy to the East of Haidong... Goryeo was a country of Ji Zixu, with a common ruler at the top and a decline from the bottom, and the legacy of a gentleman was actually there. It is just that it is considered by Zhongxia, and it cannot be described by foreign countries." [5] However, in October of the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), Ming Dynasty refused to receive tribute on the grounds that Goryeo's envoys were given private horses as a tribute. [6] From then on, it began to blame Goryeo in all kinds of ways, or because the tribute route was not in line with the requirements,

Some were wrong in the regulation of the article, or the insufficient number of tributes, or the throne was not recognized by the domestic coup of Goryeo, etc., and they refused to pay normal tribute to Goryeo until the establishment of the Li Dynasty in the late Hongwu period. It gradually became normalized after the establishment of the Li Dynasty in the late Hongwu period, and it was in contrast to the friendship and mutual assistance in the next two hundred years. Goryeo was an Eastern power, and the importance of the relationship between the two countries was well known. At that time, the Ming Dynasty had a good relationship with Ryukyu, Siam, Annan, etc. were afraid of being too far away. Why did they only pick on the most important vassal states? All of their excuses cannot be fully explained. This article intends to start with the impact of the evolution of the Ming and Mongolia war situation on the Ming and Goryeo relations, and analyze the process of the reign of Goryeo in the late reign of Goryeo (the seventh to twenty-three years of King Gongmin, that is, the first to the seventh year of Hongwu, 1368 to 1374).

In the fifth year of Hongwu, the Ming army turned from blind attack to scattered in the north, which was the turning point of the Ming and Mongolian war. In Volume 44 of "History of Goryeo", in February of the 22nd year of King Gongmin (the sixth year of Hongwu, that is, 1373), "Yi Hai, the Northern Yuan sent an envoy Bodu Timur to go to Shanbuhua to express his edict: "Soon due to the chaos of the army, the Bodu was moved to the north. Now, Kuokutitumur was the prime minister, and it was almost revived. The king was also the grandson of the ancestor of the emperor, so it should help and regain the world. At first, the two entered the country. The king wanted to send someone to kill him, but all the ministers insisted that they were not allowed. So he visited to detain him, released him, and held three strategies for sending him to the capital, and all the ministers said that he would be released. ......Wuyin, the king saw the Yuan envoy at night and said,

:'I had eye disease, and when I saw the sun, I would have a big blow, so I waited for it at night.' I was afraid that the court would know... Yiyou, the Yuan envoy returned and presented it with rami cloth." The so-called Zhongxing refer to the great situation of the Northern Yuan after the Battle of Mobei in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), which greatly shocked the Goryeo monarch and ministers. After repeated arguments, Goryeo finally decided to build the Northern Yuan and hold the etiquette of the vassal state.[7] Although the matter was as secret as possible, how could the Ming Dynasty not know about it? In April of the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), the Ming Dynasty still received the Goryeo envoys with regular rituals.[8] By October, the attitude suddenly became worse, which should be related to this matter.

However, although the Ming army was defeated in the fifth year of Hongwu, it was still able to defend the Great Wall line, and its national strength was still far superior to the Northern Yuan Dynasty. How could Goryeo come up with this inferior strategy? Judging from the situation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Goryeo was originally a loyal vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. The king quoted as above, "It is also the grandson of Shizu". Empress Shun of Yuan Dynasty, and the mother of Prince Aiyoushiridala, Qishi, was a native of Goryeo. [9] The Goryeo army helped to escape the siege of Gaoyou, [10] and the warlords of Liaoyang Province attacked the Red Army, [11] and Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty frequently

[12] The forces of Zhu Yuanzhang did not start to contact until the end of the first year of Hongwu. This background of pro-Yuan and Ming dynasty made Goryeo move to strengthen the northwest border defense in the Ming Dynasty. [13] After the Ming Dynasty, there were still contacts with Yuan. In the first month of the 29th year of Zhizheng (the second year of Hongwu, that is, that is, 1369), the envoy was sent to Shangdu. [14] Volume 41 of "History of Goryeo", in March of the 18th year of King Gongmin (the second year of Hongwu, that is, that is, 1369), "Guimao, Yuan sent envoys to the king.

As the right prime minister. Jiayin, he sent his co-master Wang Chongguiruru to celebrate the holy festival. "In Volume 42, in September of the 19th year (the third year of Hongwu, that is, 1370), "Yi Si, Yuan Prime Minister Kuo Temur sent envoys." At the beginning of the second year of Hongwu, Emperor Shun of Yuan occupied Kaiping, and the Ming and Meng sides had not yet fought to the Ming side, and Goryeo had not received a reply from the Ming side, and the Ming envoys had not reached the Wang Jing, so it was understandable that his congratulations to the Yuan Sheng Day. In the third year of Hongwu, after the war in Yingchang, the overall situation was settled, and Kuo sent envoys to the Gaoli.

The side was no longer so active, and there was no contact since then. But this does not mean that the pro-Yuan forces in Goryeo have disappeared. They were only intimidated by the power of the Ming army and temporarily endured. Once the Ming army was defeated, their "members" could turn their foreign policy as quoted above. However, there was Danluo, which was a wild field of horses for the Yuan Dynasty, and Japanese pirates were rampant at sea, and they were across the river from Nahachu, and their four strong troops were able to form the Yuan Dynasty when the Ming army was unfavorable, which was reasonable.

Although the above is very clear, it is clear that the conflicts between Goryeo did not begin in the sixth year of Hongwu. In Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo", in May of the 21st year of King Gongmin (the fifth year of Hongwu, that is, 1372), "In Guihai, the emperor sent an eunuch, Yanda Masili, the envoy of the former Yuanyuan Court, and Sun's eunuch came to 48 pieces of shiwangcai satin yarn. Guiyou, Sun's eunuch hanged himself at the pine tree in Foen Temple." The Ming envoy originally sent Chen Li, who was regarded as a hidden danger in sending Zhu Yuanzhang, came, and hanged himself at Goryeo. The matter was extremely wrong.

Chang Zhu Yuanzhang revealed at the end of the year: "I said I died of illness and was hanged. I said it was bad. I asked clearly. The king and the sword guarded the door under the window and walked closely. The fireman said, "I am from my country, why are I so guarding me?" He said, "I am not allowed to say anything. The prime minister named Pu was beaten and then got poison. The medicine died.... The body was hung under the tree." [15] Later, Goryeo defended: "The two eunuchs were connected to the bed.

Why do you kill me? The envoys of the old house were in the same boat and they were in the same boat, which caused disaster to arise."[16] However, even if the Ming Dynasty infighted, why did they hang themselves? It was not convincing. Zhu Yuanzhang continued: "The soldiers who drove the boat also handed over many people to guard the defense... A boat went there, and many soldiers and horses were received." Zhu had already said about August that "I heard the country's doubts again"[17]. Zhu Guozhen recorded that when the Ming Dynasty sent envoys to sacrifice to the mountains and rivers of Goryeo in the third year of Hongwu, "painted the land."

Pictures are returned... North Korea saw maps, and suspected that China used troops, and was afraid of it, and secretly prepared."[18] Goryeo's "confusion" should be this matter.19 But this worry would never lead to the killing of the Ming envoy. At that time, the defeat of the Ming army in the desert in May of the fifth year of Hongwu could not have been spread to Goryeo.[20] Goryeo's attitude towards the Ming Dynasty obviously happened before the Northern Yuan Dynasty sent envoys and even the Ming army was defeated. So why did Goryeo suddenly give up friendly relations when the Ming army was at its peak?

From the beginning of the fourth year of Hongwu to the summer of the fifth year of Hongwu, the situation in Liaodong underwent major changes. In February of the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Liu Yi, the former Liaoyang province of the Yuan Dynasty, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and in July, Ma Yun and Ye Wang sent north from Denglai to Liaodong. [21] The Ming army stationed in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula at the end of the fourth year, and began to launch a large-scale north attack at the beginning of the fifth year, and occupied Liaoyang was just around the corner. Liaodong became the division of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, landed on the Ming army and the old Yuan surrendered people, and the three directions of Goryeo. [22] During the Yuan Dynasty, the Goryeo people spread to Liaodong, and there was a establishment of the Goryeo General Administration Office and Shenzhou Goryeo General Administration Office, [23] The separatist ruled at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty.

The Gao family slaves east of Liaoyang were Goryeo. [24] After Goryeo conquered Liaoyang at the end of the third year of Hongwu, Goryeo declared that "The Liaoshen Yuan is the old boundary of the country,... Liaoyang Yuan is the old boundary." [25] Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" said that in March of the 20th year of King Gongmin (the fourth year of Hongwu, that is, 1371), "in Jiwei, Liu Yi, Wang Youcheng, and others in Liaoyang Province of Northern Yuan wanted to submit to the Ming Dynasty and wanted to move to the residents. With Liaoyang's original land, if our country asks for an order, they can avoid migration and send envoys to report." The arrival of the Ming army undoubtedly destroyed the pattern of Goryeo and Northern Yuan equally in Liaodong, posing a potential threat to the Goryeo.

After Goryeo and Mingtong, although they gradually broke off diplomatic relations with the Northern Yuan court, their relationship with Nahachu became increasingly close. In the 18th year of King Gongmin (the second year of Hongwu, 1369), "In the first month of Xinchou, Liaoyang Province Nahachu and Pingzhang Hong Baobao sent envoys to hire him."[26] This was the beginning of the reunion of Nahachu after the fall of Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the year and the beginning of the following year, Nahachu came to envoys three times at the end of the following year, [27] However, in the 20th year of King Gongmin (the fourth year of Hongwu, 1371), there was no record of Nahachu coming out of the "History of Goryeo" throughout the year, and Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" was recorded in the 21st year of King Gongmin (the fifth year of Hongwu, 1372) "Jiaxu in the first month of the "History of Goryeo"

Yushanbuhua, Nahachu, Gao familynu, Gutidou, Wang Caocheng and others came to invade Nicheng, Jiangjie and other places." Yushanbuhua ranked first before Nahachu, and the famous Yeshenbuhua, and others occupied Kaiyuan, Jinshan, Laoyashanzhai and other places.[28] At this point, the joint forces attacked Goryeo. It seemed that the relationship between the two sides broke down in the fourth year of Hongwu, and the Northeast warlords invaded. However, at the end of the fourth year of Hongwu, the Ming army stationed in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula and was about to attack north. How dare Nahachu and others dare to attack strong neighbors when the enemy is in front of it? Moreover, Goryeo has always been treated very well, and Nahachu will only win over Goryeo more actively and dare not break up with friendship.

Goryeo has been attacking the right bank of the Yalu River since the second year of Hongwu, but the attackers were all "Dongning Remnants" and there was no direct conflict with Nahachu and others. Look at the battle situation of King Gongmin in the 21st year that Goryeo informed the Ming Dynasty: "In the first month, Hu Badu and others of Dongning Prefecture sneaked into Boerkouzi, killed the guardian Jin Tianqi and others, and captured the people. In February, he broke into the goat Huikouzi, and the guardian Zhang Yuanlu and others attacked and chased them. This month, Cao Jiaer, Wanhu High-speed Railway Head, and others led their troops to sneak into Yintongkouzi, and the guardian Jin Guangfu and others attacked and chased them again.

”[29] It is known that the scale of the battle is very small, and none of the above-mentioned warlords did not appear. In the late Yuan Dynasty, Dongning Prefecture governed a large area centered on Pyongyang. [30] According to the same article in the above-mentioned war report, "I secretly found out about Dongning. Liaoyang did not submit to the court, and he was a gangster." In the third year of Hongwu, Goryeo launched a large-scale battle to attack Liaoyang and said that it was known that at this time, Goryeo referred to the northwest of the Yalu River, and the area east of the Liao River was the old boundary of Dongning Prefecture. The remaining parties of Dongning Prefecture should refer to those who occupied the opposite bank of the Yalu River after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty. Regarding the high-speed rail head, Liaodong Zhi" records: "(Hong

In the eighth year of Wu) the commander Ye Wang, Ma Yun defeated Naha in the south of Gaizhou City. (Chen) Yu made many achievements, but he still chased him to Zhueryu, defeated him, and then Keda's high-speed railway head village."[31] In the Battle of Gaizhou at the end of the eighth year of Hongwu, Naha's troops retreated from Gaizhou to the east, and the Ming army chased him to the Yalu River, and cleared the Mongolian strongholds along the way.[32] From this, we can see that the high-speed railway head was indeed the partial unit of the Mongolian army in the Qianshan Mountains, that is, the old border of Dongning Prefecture, and they and Hubadu should be similar. This battle may be the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in the Qianshan Mountains, and the Ming army was forced to the Ming army.

The momentum moved eastward, and the fake was not spent. Nahachu's reputation harassed Goryeo. However, although Goryeo claimed that the warlords came to invade, they did not have corresponding measures to increase troops and prepare for the defence, Goryeo revealed the truth. It deliberately created the impression that Goryeo had a head-on conflict with the main force of the Northeast Yuan, and wanted to show the Ming army to be sincere. Goryeo was not afraid of angering the Northeast tribes, so they had no tacit understanding or even cooperation with Nahachu and others? In short, Nahachu and Goryeo could not suddenly break off diplomatic relations in the fourth year of Hongwu. Their exchanges may have become secret because the Ming army appeared in Liaodong, and the relationship should be closer.

After the Ming army landed in Liaodong, it really caused Goryeo's suspicion. In November of the 20th year of King Gongmin (the fourth year of Hongwu, that is, 1371), Goryeo said, "In August of this year, Zheng Sidao, the general secretary of the Ministry of Education, drove a sea boat to Beijing to meet next year. When he arrived at Qiaotong Island, the ship was covered with shallow leakage and could not go. In September of this year, he sent Han Bangyan, deputy envoy of Mi Zhi, and suddenly was flooded by a storm. The small country went to the capital and was far away from the sea. It was cold and ice that made it difficult to set off the ship, so he might violate the congratulations. Jin,

When the state is approaching the sea, the post road can be opened. Passing through Liaodong, I hope to see it. Now I will send Han Bangyan to the Liaodong Dushi to Beijing to congratulate me. Please report the report to implement it.’”[33] Before the Ming army landed in Liaodong, the envoys of the two countries had never encountered shipwrecks. Now, as soon as the Jin and other places entered Mingjiang, the Goryeo ships crashed twice. Therefore, they wanted to borrow the road to Liaodong to pay tribute. Isn’t it too coincidental? The South Huanghai Sea area where Wangjing entered the Yangtze River estuary did not freeze in winter. Even if the temperature was lower than that of modern times in the early Ming Dynasty, or the Goryeo ships were tributed

It is necessary to sail along the coast and pass through the colder Northern Yellow Sea. As mentioned above, the Goryeo first sent envoys to the Ming Dynasty in November of the 17th year of King Gongmin. At that time, Liaodong was occupied by the Yuan army, so it must be through the sea route. How could there be an obstacle to "the sky is cold and ice"? It was November, and "passing Liaodong", you had to sail to Jin, which was "slightly closer to the sea" and other places (this is not afraid of the sky is cold and ice), and then cross the Bohai Sea or travel far to the land route. It traveled south for more than a thousand miles to reach the capital. It was really far-reaching, so how could you "look for it and wait for it"? What's more, what's mentioned

In August and September, the two envoys sent to the country were not recorded in "History of Goryeo". In this way, Goryeo made an excuse to observe the virtual and real situation of the Ming army in Liaodong, and could not conceal a hundred arguments. In short, since Goryeo strengthened cooperation with Naha after the Ming army landed in Liaodong, blunt the battle situation to pass Ming listening, and used the excuse to observe the military situation of the Ming army, the Ming army appeared in Liaodong, prompting Goryeo to strictly prevent the Ming Dynasty. In the fifth year of Hongwu, Goryeo's attitude suddenly changed, just as the beginning of the Ming army's large-scale attack on the north, these two should actually be directly related.

On the other hand, in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Zhu Yuanzhang still warned Emperor Yang of Sui to please Goryeo. [34] The north was newly defeated and did not want to create a strong enemy. However, at the end of the year, Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly became furious at the envoys of Goryeo and counted the faults of Goryeo. In addition to killing the eunuch Sun, guarding the mission, neglecting the Japanese, and detaining the Ming Dynasty refugees, he repeatedly blamed Goryeo who was sent to the name of trade to find out military information: "Every time you send people to the King of Wu in Liaodong and other places to carry tea and meals,... you are determined to do it. You sell more than a thousand horses, and you also bring Naha's companion to see the affairs of our military camp. You have heard from him that you stole 100,000 stones of grain from the horse head in Niujiazhuang, and even 3,000 troops... You carry tea and meals with General Xu, but you are not sincere, and you deliberately inquire about the deeds of the officers of the Beiping Prefecture... Jeju horses, today,

Tomorrow, after a year of trouble, four generals came. Somehow, they did things. The generals did not bother to buy and sell each other, but they did not sell a horse."[35] The King of Wu, the Marquis of Jinghai, the Supreme Commander of the Ming army in Liaodong, Wu Zhen, and other places in Liaodong. Liaodong and other places should be directed to the Liaoyang and other places occupied by the Ming army in May and June of the fifth year of Hongwu. The battle of Niujiazhuang was in November of the fifth year of Hongwu.[36] General Xu should be Xu Da.[37] It seems that after Goryeo asked for land in November of the previous year, the Ming side did not refuse, and the delegations and merchants went to Liaodong. However, Goryeo would never easily export horses, so why did it "trade more than a thousand horses"? Its number was too large and could only be transported by land, and it was impossible for private trade. Therefore, it was known that it was designated as an official trade group brought by envoys to Liaodong. The arrival time should be in the autumn of the fifth year of Hongwu after the Ming occupied Liaoyang,

At this time, the remnants of the Mongolian army were still occupying thousands of mountains, and more than a thousand horses passed through the Beiyuan controlled area and were safe and sound. It was obvious that Goryeo and Nahachu cooperated with each other without hesitation, and they wanted to help him. However, it was an official trade group, and they could go through Niujiazhuang, which must be passed through to the envoys from Liaoyang to cross the sea. Then the "Nahachu's companion" could fully understand the internal situation of the army. It seemed that after the Ming army occupied Liaoyang, Goryeo and Nahachu were almost in alliance. In addition to the above-mentioned August, the Ming Dynasty also decided to reduce the number of tributes and the number of tributes because Goryeo envoys drowned in the sea in October. [38] In December, the general account must be because the Niujiazhuang incident had already made the Ming Dynasty unbearable. During the battle of Niujiazhuang, Naha went far away to attack the Ming army's rear grain storage base, breaking the Ming plan to send troops to western Liaoning, causing the Ming army to suffer an unprecedented blow in Liaodong. It was actually Liao.

The turning point of the Eastern War.[39] The Ming Dynasty learned this lesson, in addition to turning against each other, it also quickly cut off land exchanges with Goryeo. In Volume 44 of "History of Goryeo", in the 22nd year of King Gongmin (the sixth year of Hongwu, that is, 1373), "on February, Gengyin, sent the magistrate Zhang Ziwen to consult Dingliao Guards and said, "Before, Zheng Bi was sent to Beijing to offer horses, and said that he was in Dingliao City. There was a gatekeeper who was not allowed to enter the city. He said that he was now obeying the imperial edict, Shandong Xinfu

The people were born, and the envoys of Goryeo came on this road. This way, I returned. I heard the words of the vocation. No other official believed in the clear text and did not submit the truth. If the imperial edict is in vain, please record the full text and review it. Zi Wen arrived at Dingliao, and the general officer and envoy said, "The imperial edict of Goryeo was sent to the capital. Now I came to the letter of consultation, but I dared not to dismantle it. "So Zi Wen returned without obtaining the imperial edict." Obviously, the Ming Dynasty was very determined.

Zhu Yuanzhang also said in an ultimatum at the end of the fifth year of Hongwu: "Don't come from the sea in the future. I am quiet now, as if I come from the sea, I will not agree." [40] However, in April of the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), he still received the envoys from Hailu, which means that he still wanted to maintain a general relationship with Goryeo. However, in October, he voluntarily broke off diplomatic relations, and his attitude changed from then on. The only explanation was that after the Ming Dynasty learned that Goryeo was Tongyuan at the beginning of the year, he decided to make a strong reaction.

The following year, the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), Goryeo went to Beijing by sea to express his feelings, asked for the road, and asked for the goods to be kept, thanked the four letters, and asked for the fire to fight against the Japanese.[42] The Ming Dynasty ignored his defense, refused to restore the amount of tribute, refused to pay tribute by land, accused him of the mistakes of tribute etiquette, and replied to the matter of asking for fire: "I will get 500,000 hu of salt and 100,000 hu of sulfur, here

Go to the medicine that is used in combination with him. There are new ships to capture Japanese, and the capable generals and officials lead me to see in the future... These things are everywhere, but they will not be able to cultivate them. The prime minister will go. "[43] Although the request made by Goryeo is too much, Zhu Yuanzhang asked for astronomical raw materials that Goryeo did not produce, and he wanted to transfer the other side's navy to inspect, and he looked like a ruffian tone, obviously without sincerity.

The former Ming Dynasty had sent people to Goryeo: "(23rd year of King Gongmin, 1374) in the fourth month of the summer, the emperor sent Lin Mi, the head of the Ministry of Rites, and Cai Bin, the ambassador of the herd. The Secretariat advised: "I have been sent to the desert before, but because the journey is long, the horses are mostly damaged. Now the army is conquering again. I think the State of Goryeo was already in front of it. There were two horses and thirty thousand horses left in Silla for shepherding, and many of them were born. The Secretariat sent someone to send the document to the King of Goryeo to learn from it.

He said, teach him to choose two thousand good horses and send them.'"[44] This is obviously an unreasonable request, because Goryeo could not control Danluo at that time, so he started to pick the horses. In the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), the Ming army had gradually recovered its vitality and was about to send troops to the north again. "Now the army is conquering again" is not a false statement. However, at the beginning of the year, Soma and in April, the raw materials and ships of the fire began to retaliate and bully Goryeo after clearly getting rid of the passive situation of strategic situation.

Volume 44 of "History of Goryeo" Volume 44, in the 23rd year of King Gongmin (the seventh year of Hongwu, that is, 1374), "In the seventh year of autumn, Han Bangyan arrived in Jeju,... only sent three hundred horses...... In the eighth day of Yiyou, Cui Ying led the army to Tanluo, fought and defeated it, and then killed three bandits and Kui, and passed them to Beijing. Danluoping... In the nineth month of Jiazi, Lin Mi, Cai Bin and others returned to the capital, sent Mi Zhi deputy envoy Jin Yi to lead 300 horses to Dingliao Guard, and sent Tongzhi's chief officer Zhang Ziwen and Xie Tong to pay tribute.... In November,... The Ming Dynasty envoy Lin Mi and Cai Bin returned to Kaizhou Station, escorting the official Jin Yi to kill Bin and his son, and then ran to the Northern Yuan Dynasty." [45] On the surface, after Goryeo was ordered, he sought horses at Danluo in Tanluo after being ordered.

, and later launched an army to occupy Danluo and sent his horse to the Dingliao capital. It seemed that King Gongmin decided to agree to the unreasonable conditions of the Ming Dynasty, and the pro-Yuan forces in the country launched a coup in September, which deteriorated again in the Ming and Goryeo relations that were about to be restored. In fact, Goryeo had already intended to advance to Danluo, and asked Ming to agree to his consent to the attack on Danluo as early as April of the fifth year of Hongwu (1372). [46] "History of Goryeo" records Zhu Yuanzhang's reply: "He sent troops to fight quickly." [47] "The Records of Ming Dynasty" records that Zhu Yuanzhang strictly prohibited sending troops: "Although Danlu has a Hu tribe, he has obeyed Goryeo, and there is no other country to lure, so why is the deep suspicion? - Isn't it caused a big disaster because of a small gap?" [48] Both

On the contrary, people in the Ming Dynasty recorded Zhu Yuanzhang's reply, either saying "The fugitives ordered him to be ordered by me, and the edict should be sent, and no troops should be used." [49] Or saying "The fugitives can be sent to make an order, and they will stop the army." [50] Or saying the "Records" are the same as "Records". [51] Judging from the fact that Goryeo did not take any action in the fifth or six years of Hongwu, although the records in "History of Goryeo" seem primitive and vivid, they are not credible. As for the annexation of Danluo in one fell swoop, it was precisely because of the rejection of the Ming Dynasty to Soma. Zhu Yuanzhang's ban was invalid, not for Ming to challenge horses. Goryeo had already obtained 300 horses, but after pacifying Danluo, he still only gave Ming 300 horses, and obviously did not take the requirement of two thousand horses seriously. Mingluo strictly prohibited Goryeo from land tribute, now

The number of sent people to Soma was huge. Later, Lin and Cai and others arrived at Kaizhou Station to see that Ming Dingding agreed to enter the country by land. [52] Goryeo took the opportunity to "Xie Tong's tribute road", and these three hundred horses were just bargaining chips for Goryeo to open the gate of Dingliao City. Although Cai Bin was killed after King Gongmin was killed, the person who killed him was Jin Yi, the escort officer appointed by King Gongmin. If King Gongmin did not die, it would be a question whether Lin and Cai and others who were sent to the horses to Goryeo could reach Liaoyang. In fact, judging from Goryeo's attitude towards Soma, King Gongmin still pursued a policy of prevention and evasion against Ming in the last few months of reign. The coup in September intensified rather than led to the deterioration of the relationship between Goryeo and Goryeo.

In short, Goryeo surrendered to the Ming Dynasty with its loyal Yuan Dynasty. The pro-Yuan power in its country was still strong, and the north and south were facing the enemy. He had to hand over the remnants of Yuan at the same time in Ming and then formed Naha to strengthen himself. After the Ming army landed in Liaodong, Goryeo felt that the Ming army invaded its own sphere of influence and posed a threat to its homeland. So he actively went to Liaodong to observe the situation of the Ming army and strengthened cooperation with Nahatu. The Ming army began to attack north in Liaodong in the early fifth year of Hongwu, Goryeo strictly guarded the Ming mission, and the relationship between the two countries appeared for the first time. After the Ming army occupied Liaoyang and gained the advantage in Liaodong, Goryeo secretly helped Nahatu to destroy the Ming army's strategic base. In the fifth year of Hongwu, the Ming army was defeated in the north of the Mo River, and Goryeo called the Yuan Dynasty a vassal. Later, Goryeo insisted on not confronting Ming head-on, and took the initiative to seek favors but never helped Ming, until Gongmin

The king was killed. After the establishment of a vassal relationship between Ming and Goryeo, he had always had normal contacts with him and had no strong reaction to Goryeo's unfriendly actions. Until the battle of Niujiazhuang severely damaged the Ming army, Ming refused to deal with Goryeo on land, and unilaterally reduced the number of tributes and the number of tributes in Goryeo, but he refused to completely turn against him because of his great defeat. After Goryeo reunited with Northern Yuan Dynasty, Ming refused to pay his normal tribute. After the national strength gradually recovered, he adopted an unsilent and overwhelming attitude towards Goryeo, which indirectly led to the breakdown of the relationship between the two countries after the Goryeo coup. It seems that the evolution of the war situation between the Ming and Mongolian, especially the offensive, defense and advancement and retreat of Ming and Nahachu in Liaodong, directly affected the diplomacy between Ming and Goryeo. The failure and recovery of the Ming army in the fifth year of Hongwu, as well as the advancement and setbacks in Liaodong, led to the deterioration of the relationship between the two countries.

[1] "Records of Taizu of Ming Dynasty" Volume 37: Renchen in December of the first year of Hongwu, Volume 41: "The Family of King Gongmin" November of the 17th year. Note: "The Ming Calendar" was published in the third year of Hongwu, Goryeo, and this is only a brief description.

[2] "History of Goryeo" Volume 41 "The Family of King Gongmin" May 1st year.

[3] "History of Goryeo" Volume 42 "The Family of King Gongmin" July 19th year.

[4] "History of Ming Dynasty" Volume 320 "Biography of Korea".

[5] Volume 1 of Song Lian's "Complete Works of Song Wenxian Gong" "Preface to the Return of the Kingdom of Shangshu Zhang of Goryeo", "Four Books Prefaces".

[6] "Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 85: Xinsi article in October of the sixth year of Hongwu.

[7] Rape is a native product of Goryeo, see Volume 89 of "Da Ming Yitong Zhi" "Korean-Native Products". Later, Korea used rpe tribute to the Ming Dynasty as a regular product, see Volume 105 of "Ming Hui Dian" "Local and Guest Qing Lishu-Tribute 1-Southeast Yi Shang-Korean Kingdom". Rape is presented here in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, which should be acknowledged the relationship between the clan and vassals.

[8] "Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 81: Guisi, April 6, Hongwu.

[9] "History of Yuan Dynasty" Volume 114 "Biography of Empress and Concubine 1".

[10] "History of Goryeo" Volume 38 "The Family of King Gongmin" Article 11 of the New Year of the Xinhai month in June and 11th month in Dinghai month.

[11] Weighing the second volume of "Gengshen Foreign History", "Xuehai Leibian"; "History of Goryeo" Volume 40 "The Family of King Gongmin" in the first month of the eleventh year, the first month of Bingzi in April, and the first month of Gengxu in August.

[12] Examples are shown in "History of Goryeo" Volume 39 of "The Family of King Gongmin" in May of the seventh year, and the Jiachen in July of July; Volume 4012 of the April of Renzi in April of 4012, etc. Zhang, Fang and Goryeo were all envoys more than ten times.

[13] Volume 41 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" August 17th year.

[14] Liu Ji's "Private Records of the Northern Tour", "Cloud Window Collection".

[15] Volume 44 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" July 22nd year Renzi Notes on the twelve year and twenty years of Hongwu.

[16] "History of Goryeo" Volume 44 "The Family of King Gongmin" October 22nd year Yiyou.

[17] Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" in September of the 21st year. The same article contains the envoy Zhang Ziwen who arrived in Beijing on July 25th, and then there was a personal edict and handwritten edict, which should be the beginning of the year at the end of July and August.

[18] Zhu Guozhen's "Overview of the History of the Imperial Ming Dynasty - Major Events" Volume 11 "Korea", Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Books and Printing Society, first edition in 1991.

[19] Zhang Ziwen set out from Goryeo in April (see "History of Goryeo" Volume 43 "The Family of King Gongmin" April 21) arrived at the capital at the end of July, and the envoy of the Ming Dynasty arrived in Goryeo in May. When Zhu Yuanzhang met Zhang Ziwen in early August, the envoy of the Ming Dynasty had not yet returned to the country. The "confusion" he said should not be the matter of the envoy being humiliated.

[20] Xu Da’s defeat came to Beijing in May, and Li Wenzhong was in June. See Volume 73 of "Records of Taizu of Ming Dynasty" in May of the fifth year of Hongwu, Volume 74 of the Jiachen No. 1 in June.

[21] "Records of Taizu of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 61: The article on the February 19th of the fourth year of Hongwu, Volume 67: The article on the first day of the seventh year of Hongwu, Volume 67: The article on the first day of the seventh year of Hongwu.

[22] Regarding the battle situation after the Ming army crossed north, according to my article "A New Exploration of the Liaoduwei and Liaodongwei in the Early Ming Dynasty", it is to be published.

[23] Volume 19419 of the Yongle Encyclopedia, 19423 of the "Cultural Encyclopedia". Volume 63 of the Yuan Dynasty, "Geography Six" is composed of "Praise the Goryeo Military and Civilian General Office" and "Shenyang and other routes to the Military and Civilian General Office".

[24] "History of Goryeo" Volume 130 "Xin Zhuan" Letter from Gao Jianu in June of the second year.

[25] "History of Goryeo" Volume 42 "The Family of King Gongmin" December 19th year.

[26] "History of Goryeo" Volume 41 "The Family of King Gongmin" Xin Chou Article in the first month of the 18th year.

[27] Volume 41 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" November 18th year, Volume 42: February 19th year, and December 12th month Guiyou.

[28] "Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 66, the end of July of the fourth year of Hongwu.

[29] "History of Goryeo" Volume 43 "The Family of King Gongmin" Article Gengxu in March of the 21st.

[30] "History of Yuan Dynasty" Volume 59 "Geographical Records II".

[31] "Liaodong Chronicles" Volume 5 "Official Master Chronicles", "Liaohai Series".

[32] Volume 102, the end of December, 8, Hongwu, Volume 102.

[33] Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" November 20th year. At that time, there was only Dingliao Duwei, the word "Dusi", and the Ding system Runchang.

[34] Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" in September of the 21st year. The same article records that Zhang Ziwen arrived in Beijing on July 25th, and then there was a personal edict and handwritten edict, which should be the beginning of the end of July and August.

[35] "History of Goryeo" Volume 44 "The Family of King Gongmin" July 22nd year Renzi Notes on the twelve year and twelve year and twenty Japanese.

[36] "Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 76 Articles of the Renshen month of the fifth year of Hongwu.

[37] The envoys of Goryeo went to Beiping to inquire about military information, not for the Northern Yuan Dynasty. Because the Ming army sent troops from western Liaodong at this time, the military information of the Beiping Prefecture was still a personal matter for Goryeo.

[38] "Records of the Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty" Volume 76: The Jiawu article in October of the fifth year of Hongwu, Volume 44: "The Family of King Gongmin" July of the 22nd year.

[39] According to my article "On the Battle of Niujiazhuang in Liaodong in the Early Ming Dynasty", it is to be published.

[40] "History of Goryeo" Volume 44 "The Family of King Gongmin" July 22nd year Renzi Notes on the twelve year and twelve year and twenty Japanese.

[41] "Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 81: Guisi, April 6, Hongwu.

[42] "History of Goryeo" Volume 44 "The Family of King Gongmin" in June of the 22nd year, Xinmao, and Jiazi, February of the 23rd year.

[43] "History of Goryeo" Volume 44 "The Family of King Gongmin" June 23rd year.

[44] Volume 44 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" April 23rd year.

[45] "The Records of Taizu of Ming Dynasty" Volume 98, March of the eighth year of Hongwu, Dingmao: "Goryeo Kingdom sent a clan to the vassal of Cui Yuan to complain... It is said that the state had Jin Yi, who was sent to tribute horses and went to Zhixian County. When he met Cai Bin, the chief in charge of Lin Baozhou, he killed Bin and took Baozhou back, and he was sentenced to death. He had already killed Yi and was transferred to his family. The emperor suspected that he was deceitful and ordered to be detained." The records in "History of Goryeo" should be kept in reality.

[46] Volume 43 of "History of Goryeo" "The Family of King Gongmin" April 21st.

[47] "History of Goryeo" Volume 43 "The Family of King Gongmin" Article 21st September of the 21st.

[48] ​​"Records of the Ming Taizu" Volume 75: Gengwu, July 5, 2018, Hongwu.

[49] Ye Xianggao's "The Four Barbarians" Volume 1 "The Study of Korea" and "The Sequel to the Secret Book of Baoyantang".

[50] Mao Ruizheng's Volume 1 of "The Record of the Imperial Ming Xiangxu", "A Collection of Rare Books in the Beiping Library".

[51] Ru Yan Congjian Volume 1 of "Shuangyu Zhouzhilu", "Series of Chinese and Foreign Transportation History Books".
Chapter completed!