In the following article, it can be seen that in 1850, Russia had no less than 23,000 troops in Siberia. Most of them were farmers and soldiers, and their combat effectiveness was not strong. Around 1894, the permanent population plus the mobile personnel was about 1.5 million (1 million mobile + 500,000 long-term garage). According to a ratio of 10:1, the maximum number of troops could be assembled by about 150,000 troops, but a considerable number of troops should be troops with weak combat effectiveness. There will not be too many elite troops, and there will only be about 60,000 to 70,000. The following is the information. Friends who are interested can read it.

On September 24, 1850, in order to reorganize the Outer Baikal Cossack Cavalry Regiment, a batch of weapons were sent from Petrograd (note 1) (water route through Kazan) to Outer Baikal according to the order of the Minister of the Army.

According to the draft of the Army Department, the Cossack cavalry should be included in:

(A) 7075 border cossacks

1318 Baikal City Groups

246 Udinsk villages and towns in Cossack

623 Nerchinsk villages and towns Cossacks

1219 farmers and Briats living on the border.

(B) Interracial Team Cossack

Tungus Group 1662

Four Briats 8,890

A total of 10,552

Total of 21,033

The decision was made to arm the army and provide clothing to 177,824 rubles. The weapons were prepared to be delivered at the end of 1851.

[Note 1] The original text should be Petersburg.—Translator

Vasilyyef: "Baikal Cossacks", Volume 3.

In June 1851, there were 48,169 males in the reorganized Cossack Army.

Among them, the combat organization should be:

Four Russian groups (including Tungus) 3504

Four Briatt groups of 1,726 people

A total of 5,230 cavalrymen

Twelve infantry battalions 12,486

The entire army had a total of 17,716 Cossacks.

Same as above, page 34.

1854 was a particularly noteworthy year in Amur's history. The first expeditionary force led by General Muravyov personally descended from the provinces of Outer Baikal to Amur.

Muravyov left Silinsk on May 27 on the ship "Erguna" (its machine was made in Petrovsk), and the trip was accompanied by fifty ships and many small boats. He was escorted by a battalion of infantry equipped with several guns and several Cossacks (a total of about a thousand men)....

...On June 27, he arrived in Mariinsk, and he and some of his entourage returned to Irkutsk via Ayan...

Ravenstein: "The Russians on Heilongjiang", pages 117, 118, 119.

To sum up, we clearly know that the cause of the second Amur voyage was that the military situation at that time had to send more troops to the estuary of the Amur River, and the warships stationed in Japan and Kamchatka were scheduled to be concentrated there. This voyage was divided into three batches, namely three teams. The first team had twenty-six barges, led by Muravyov himself; the second team was sixty-four barges, led by Colonel Najimov, the third team, including merchant ships, had thirty-five barges, led by Colonel Karsakov. The 14th and 15th two border battalions and the Cossack mixed battalions also drove to the Amur basin with this voyage...

…………

The first Russian immigrants - farmers from Irkutsk and External Baikal - led by M. C. Volkonsky, the specialist of Muravyov, also came to the lower reaches of Amur with this voyage. They settled in the areas of Mariinsko and Nikolaevsk.

…………

At the end of September 1855, Volkonsky handed over the immigrants to the commander of the Kamchatka garrison Zavoyko. We need to add one more thing. According to news in the next few years, these Amur's pioneers had already lived and worked there....

In this way, Amur became a Russian river. Now the upper and lower reaches of this river can travel back and forth. On the land that is still considered to be China, Russian villages, grain and national material warehouses have appeared...

Balsukov: "Mulavyov-Earl Amursky", Volume 1.

On June 4th [Note 1], the first transport team was sent from Schlekhavat along Amur, whose commander was Lieutenant Colonel Busse who performed special tasks next to the Governor (the last transport team was sent on June 15). The fleet consisted of one hundred and eighteen various small boats, sailboats and rafts. The vanguard of the expedition was commanded by Navy Captain Thikchev. The vanguard was composed of: the Second Mixed Operation Battalion of the Outer Baikal Cossack Infantry led by Lieutenant Colonel Msin of the Cossacks (with 44 sergeants, 6 drummers, 6 horns and 460 Cossacks); the thirteenth Siberian combat readiness battalion led by Colonel Obreuhav and two companies of the 14th Siberian battalion led by Major Yashkov; a total of 24 officers and 1,636 soldiers.

The army escorted a total of 289,750 various materials, mainly to provide food and grass for the troops stationed at the estuary of the Amur River. Going down the Amur River, Lieutenant Colonel Busai set up four new posts with food and grass warehouses on the left bank of the river, namely: Kumarsky (25 people) opposite the estuary of the Kumarra River; Ust-Jiasky (50 people); Xingkesky (24 people) flowing into Xiaoxingkai Lake and Songhua River (24 people).

On July 19, Lieutenant Colonel Busey's expedition arrived at the Mariinsky outpost.

[Note 1] refers to June 4, 1856. - Translator

Vasilyyef: "Baikal Cossacks", Volume 3.

On October 27, 1856, Muravyov wrote a memorial saying that Baikal Cossacks should be used to immigrate to the Amur left bank, including the Amur cavalry regiment and the infantry brigade. He intended to complete this process within five or six years, spending one hundred thousand rubles a year for it.

…………

On the same day, under the auspices of Grand Duke Konstantin and Nikolaevic, the Special Committee considered the proposal of Muravyov and decided to allocate 15,000 to 20,000 men and women from the Baikal army to immigrate to the left bank of Amur.

From this, a cavalry regiment and four infantry battalions should be formed. On November 3 of the same year, the immigration costs of the Amur Cavalry regiment were stipulated to be raised by East Siberia on its own, while the infantry battalion was funded by the state treasury. A total of 500,000 silver rubles were allocated to the immigrants of the infantry battalion, and a hundred thousand rubles were distributed annually within five years.

…………

Same as the book, pages 87, 88.

At the end of 1856, while Muravyov was staying in Petersburg, after he personally ran, the emperor approved the establishment of the East Siberian Maritime Province, which included the former Kamchatka Province, Udi District and Amur coastal areas. The garrison commander's garrison was designated as Nikolaevsk at the mouth of the Amur River. Due to this incident, this place name was disclosed in the official document for the first time. The emperor approved the establishment of the Siberian Regional Fleet in the East and West Siberian Regional Fleet in place of the former Kamchatka fleet. At the same time, Kazakekevich, the former Kamchatka acting garrison commander, was appointed as the commander of the East Siberian Maritime Province and the commander of the Siberian Regional Fleet and the ports of the East Ocean. The establishment of the new province confirmed that the Amur River estuary belonged to Russia, and the Amur coastal areas were officially incorporated into Russia's territory in Asia.

Balsukov: "Mulavyov-Earl Amursky", Volume 1, page 477,478.

1857 will be the most memorable year in Amur's history. Muravyov successfully got a large amount of money and personnel in St. Petersburg to occupy Heilongjiang. On June 1, the Colonel of Ushakov led an infantry battalion of more than 600 people from Shilginsk to Amur by boat. Muravyov himself took another part of the army to set off. In this year, a Cossack infantry brigade and a cavalry corps [Note 1] went down to Amur and established many bars along the left bank of the river. Amur was used for the first time to transport colonists and food to the territory of the Russian and American companies.

[Note 1] Two thousand four hundred infantry (fourth battalions; six hundred cavalry). At that time, the total number of Baikal Cossack troops was the 12th battalion infantry and six revoltary cavalry.——Original note

Ravenstein: "The Russians on Heilongjiang", page 139.

The fourth floating fortune has two purposes:

First, the three hundred teams of the Amur Cavalry Regiment: first, second and third, moved their families (451 families) to the left bank of Amur from Uster-Sterreirka to Xingkai (nearly 980 Russians).

2. Escort and support the envoys by force. Each battalion was accompanied by the 13th and 14th standing battalions of six hundred men and the artillery battalions to send the relocated Cossacks and envoys to assist the Cossacks in transiting their property and resettling them. In addition, they also had to support the envoys during negotiations; the main thing was to move the Cossacks to Amur.

…………

In late May 1857, the troops entered Amur from Shilekhavat. They rode a raft, carrying various supplies such as flour, grain, salt, alcohol, and living animals.

On May 28, Governor Muravyov himself and Earl Putiyatin also drove away from Shilekhazawat. At that time, Putiyatin had not received permission from the Chinese government to enter Beijing, so he went to the mouth of the Amur River and then went to the North Zhili Bay by sea to enter the capital of China from another route.

After May 28, under the leadership of Captain Gachiko, the third and fourth companies of the 13th Standing Battalion also set off with various national supplies; at the same time, the three hundred-man teams of the Amur Cossack Cavalry Regiment used to move to the left bank of Amur and their families also set off one after another. In addition, the families of the 600-man team who settled in Suqi Village opposite the Mariinski Post at the mouth of Amur River in 1855.

Muravyov and Putiyatin set off on May 28, boarding a light ship, and soon caught up with the entire army; they carried only two gunboats, General Muravyov on June 4, and Count Putiyatin on June 5, arrived at the Ust-Jia outpost.

Vasilyyef: "Baikal Cossacks", Volume 3.

The number of Cossacks of the Third Regiment and its families who moved to Amur in 1857, as well as the livestock and various food carried by the immigrants were as follows:

Among them, 25 households were voluntarily moved, while the rest were completely ordered:...

Same as above, page 103.

In 1857, a total of seventeen Cossack villages appeared: Ust-Jiaskoi, Ignasheno, Skibneva, Albazinskoi, Beydonnavskoi, Tolbzinno, Orzinskoi, Kuznetsova, Anosova, Kumarovskoi, Kazakevicski, Karsakovskoi, Busse, Bibikova, Innocentski, Kasatzino and Baskava.

From the winter of 1857 to 1858, the village of Ust-Yakyaskaya on the Amur River also entered the 14th Siberian standing battalion, light artillery battalion and two mountain cannons (1,100 people).

The Second Opium War

2. Russia conquered Siberia and the Far East, and then established administrative and military institutions to control it and implemented colonial rule. The entire Siberia was managed by the central Siberian government, and each region was divided into jurisdictions and counties. There were 4 jurisdictions in total, namely Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yakutsk and Yenisesk, and each jurisdiction was under several counties. In the 17th century, Siberia had 19 counties including Torinsk, Tyumen, Tara, etc.

3. The following content mentions the Seventh Standing Camp, but there is no further explanation.

In 1848, Dostoevsky was sentenced to death, which was later changed to hard labor and was escorted to Siberia for hard labor. After his sentence was over in 1854, he was sent to the Seventh Standing Barracks in Siberia to serve as a soldier. At the end of 1859, he was allowed to discharge the army and returned to Petersburg.

4. Important cities in Siberia

Siberia

①The major railway runs across the entire territory. The main cities include Nerchinsk (Nebchu) and Slekensk, etc. ②The Russian Eastern Siberian city of Siberia runs across the entire territory of Siberia. The Eastern Siberian city of Russia is the capital of Chita Prefecture. It is east of Lake Baikal, at the confluence of the Chita River and Yingoda River. The population is 336,000 (1985). It was built in 1690. At the beginning of the 20th century, nearby gold and silver mining and logging industries emerged, becoming a major transportation route and a military center to China and North Korea. The river port. The Russian Outer Baikal Military Region Command was established here.

The possibility of building the Siberian Railway was studied since the mid-19th century, and it was decided to build this railway in 1891. In May of that year, it first broke ground from Vladivostok to the north, and in July 1892, it was built from Cheryabinsk to the east. The Russians overcame countless difficulties: the wide rivers around Lake Baikal, steep hills, permafrost in eastern Siberia, and the severe cold and heat. By 1898, this route had stretched from Irkutsk to Khabarovsk.

In 1896, the Russian government negotiated with China to sign a treaty for the Russians to build the Middle East Railway, so that they could connect Vladivostok and Lake Baikal more directly through Manchuria for a shorter distance. The Russians built more than 1,000 stations, and the distance between stations was mainly determined by soil quality, but it was basically 27 miles apart.

From 1896 to 1900, people traveling to the Far East doubled to 1 million, many of whom played a big role in opening up the Chinese market. The Siberian Railway was completed on July 13, 1904. The entire railway was connected to the Pacific coast of the Ural Mountains from Cheryabinsk to Vladivostok, with a total length of 407 miles.

Toborsk

In the late 19th century, Tobol'sk became one of the largest and most important cities in Siberia. For centuries, Tobol'sk was the military, administrative and political center of Russia in Siberia.

Dujinka

The port of the Arctic Ocean in Siberia, Russia, the capital of the Temer Autonomous Region of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is located on the right bank near the mouth of the Yenisei River. The population is 22,000. It was built in 1667. It was established in 1951. It can be directly connected to the sea ship. It is an outer port of Norilsk and has railway lines. The navigation period is about 4 months (mid-June to mid-October).

Kansk

A city in southern Russia, Eastern Siberia. At the intersection of the Kan River, the right tributary of the Yenisei River and the Siberian Railway, 247 kilometers west of Krasnoyarsk. The population is 105,000 (1985). It was built into a castle in 1640. There are abundant lignite fields nearby.

Kansk-Achinsk Coalfield One of the largest coal fields in Russia is located in southern East and West Siberia, extending 700 kilometers along the Western Siberia railway line, 50-250 kilometers from north to south, with an area of ​​50,000 square kilometers. The geological reserves within a depth of 6,000 meters are 637.8 billion tons, of which 484 billion tons (lignite) meet industrial indicators. It has been developed since 1904. Open-pit mining has the lowest cost per ton of coal mining in the country. In 1985, 40.8 million tons of coal mining was mainly used for local power generation. 50 open-pit mines are planned to be built with an annual coal production capacity of 60-1 billion tons.

Keji River

The right tributary of the Ob River is in the southeast of the Siberian Plain in Russia. It originates from the middle watershed of the Ob-Yenisei River (approximately 200 meters above sea level), flows northwest and west through the Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tomsk Prefecture. It injects into the Ob River in Korpashevo, and converges with the main stream near Narem. It is 1,621 kilometers long and has a basin area of ​​94,200 square kilometers. There are many swamps, lakes, and river curves along the river. The main tributaries are Paduggina, Lisica and other rivers. The annual average flow at the estuary is 560 meters 2/s. It is mainly used for the exile of timber. It can be navigable small boats from the village of Usti-Ojournoy to the estuary (about 737 kilometers). It is frozen from the end of October to the end of April to the beginning of May. The freezing period is 6 months.

Kemerovo

① The name of the state. It is in southern Western Siberia, Russia. It covers an area of ​​95,500 square kilometers and has a population of 5.312 million (1987), with Russians accounting for 90% of the tenths, and the rest are Ukraine, Belarus, Moldovans, etc. The capital Kemerovo. Most of the capital is located in the Kuznetsk Basin. The Kuznetsk Mountains (highest point 2,178 meters) and the Salair Mountains respectively in the east and west. The Western Siberian Plain is located in the north. The Tomi River runs through the entire territory. The temperate continental climate. The average temperature is from January to 17 to 20℃, and from July to July to 17 to 20℃. The annual precipitation is 300 to 500 mm. Coal reserves

It ranks first in the country. There are also various mineral deposits such as iron, manganese, lead, and zinc. It was established in 1943. It was the largest heavy industrial base east of Ural, Russia. The industry is mainly coal, metallurgy (steel, aluminum smelting, zinc smelting), coal chemical industry, mining machinery, and electricity. In 1984, it produced 143 million tons of coal, ranking first in the country. Steel production also ranks important in the country. Suburban agriculture is the main, with milk and animal husbandry and poultry farming industry developed. The domestic transportation is developed. Important cities include Novo Kuznetsk, Prokopievsk, Kisefsk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky and Belovo.

② The city name. The former name is "Seglovsk" (before 1932). A city in southern Western Siberia, Russia, the capital of Kemerovo Prefecture. In the northern part of the Kuznetsk Basin, the Tomi River and its tributary Iskydim River converge. The population is 507,000 (1985). In 1918, the two towns of Seglovo and Kemerovo were merged. There is a railway branch to connect the Siberian Railway. There is a rich coal storage nearby. In the early 1930s, it developed rapidly with the mining of the Kuzbas coalfield. The industry mainly consists of coal chemical industry (coking, fertilizers and chemical fibers, etc.), mechanical manufacturing (mining and chemical machinery, motors, agricultural machinery, etc.), coal mining. The light industry and food industry are also relatively developed.
To be continued...