.

Responding to the United States, China announced that it would charge a 45% surcharge on the United States' imported agricultural products due to the United States' supplementary tariffs on its agricultural products, which caused the United States' crops to be sold and the prices of agricultural products were greatly reduced. The United States quickly imposed tariffs on Chinese textiles.

Afterwards, the two countries began a trade war, trying to keep their vitality while hurting their opponents. However, with the outbreak of the trade war, China and the United States finally understood that doing so would only harm their own interests, and the two countries would hug each other and fall into the abyss.

In order to avoid this situation, China and the United States began negotiations to negotiate to resolve these issues. However, the opinions of both sides were sharp and contradictory. After several failed negotiations and repeated threats to cancel the negotiations, the differences between China and the United States remained serious. China insisted that the United States should be responsible for the silver crisis, while the United States believed that this was a small problem and China needed to review its monetary policy rather than vent its anger on the United States.

Europe, which is watching the fire across the ocean, has another feeling. The new thing of trade war is extremely powerful. If it is not restricted, it is likely to threaten major powers like Britain and Germany. In this case, Britain and Germany took the lead in organizing a global organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It is used to solve such trade issues, and it is also for its own safety.

The Tariffs and Trade Organization is a permanent international organization independent of the United Nations. It started operating in January 1912 and is responsible for managing the world economic and trade order. It is headquartered on Lake Lemon, Geneva, Switzerland. The Tariffs and Trade Organization is an international organization with legal person status. It has higher authority in mediating member disputes. The Tariffs and Trade Organization covers trade in goods, trade in services and trade in intellectual property rights.

The main functions of the Organization for Tariffs are: organizing and implementing various trade agreements; providing individual members with multilateral trade negotiation venues and providing a framework for the results of multilateral negotiations; resolving trade disputes in places arising between members; conducting periodic review of individual members' trade policies and regulations; and coordinating relations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

The purpose of the Organization of Tariffs and Trade is to improve living standards, ensure full employment and substantial, steadily increase actual income and effective demand; expand the production and trade of goods and services; adhere to the path of sustainable development, individual members should promote the optimal use of world resources, protect and maintain the environment, and strengthen various corresponding measures in a way that meets the needs of members at different economic development levels; actively strive to ensure that developing countries, especially the least developed countries, obtain shares and benefits in international trade growth that are compatible with their economic development levels.

The Tariffs and Trade Organization aims to establish a more dynamic and lasting multilateral trading system that includes goods, services, trade-related investments and intellectual property rights. This can include the results of trade liberalization of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and all achievements of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations.

The basic principles of tariffs and trade organizations are non-discriminatory trade principles, including the most-favored-nation treatment and national treatment clauses; the foreseeable and expanding market access is mainly provisions on tariffs; promoting fair competition, and committed to establishing an open, fair and undistorted "free trade" environment and rules; encouraging development and economic reform.

The basic functions of the Tariff and Trade Organization are: to manage and implement multilateral and multilateral trade agreements that jointly constitute the Tariff and Trade Organization; to serve as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations; to seek to resolve trade disputes; to supervise trade policies among members and cooperate with other international institutions related to the formulation of global economic policies. The Tariff and Trade Organization's goal is to establish a complete, more dynamic and permanent multilateral trading system. Compared with the Tariff and Trade Organization, the Tariff and Trade Organization's jurisdiction includes intellectual property rights, investment measures and non-goods trade (trade for services) that have been deemed long-term from the GAT and Trade Organization. The Tariff and Trade Organization has a legal person status and has higher authority and effectiveness in mediating member disputes.

Organizational structure of tariff and trade organizations

The Ministerial Conference is the highest decision-making authority of the Tariff and Trade Organization, consisting of ministers, deputy ministerial officials or their plenipotent representatives in charge of foreign trade and trade in all member states. It is generally held once a year to discuss and decide on all important issues involving the functions of the Tariff and Trade Organization and take action.

The main functions of the ministerial meeting are: appointing the Director-General of the Tariff and Trade Organization and formulate relevant rules; determine the powers, responsibilities, terms and term of office of the Director-General, and the responsibilities and conditions of the Secretariat staff; explaining the Tariff and Trade Organization agreements and multilateral trade agreements; exempting a member from the obligations of the Tariff and Trade Organization agreements and other multilateral trade agreements; considering the motions for its members to make amendments to the Tariff and Trade Organization agreements or multilateral trade agreements; deciding whether to accept the country or region applying to join the Tariff and Trade Organization as the Tariff and Trade Organization

; Decide the date on which the Tariff and Trade Agreements come into effect, etc. The meeting and the Secretariat are responsible for the daily meetings and work of the Tariff and Trade Organization. The membership of the Tariff and Trade Organization can be divided into founding members and new members. The founding members must be parties to the GATT, and new members must be passed by their decision-making body, the Council of Ministers, with a two-thirds majority.

General Council: During the recess of the ministerial meeting, its functions are exercised by the General Council, which is also composed of all members. The General Council may meet at any time as necessary and formulate its own rules of procedure and agenda. At the same time, the General Council must also perform its responsibilities for resolving trade disputes and deliberating on its trade policies.

The General Council has a Council for Trade in Goods; the Council for Trade in Services; and the Council for Intellectual Property. These Councils may formulate rules of procedure themselves as appropriate and implement them after approval by the General Council. All members may participate in each Council.

Special Committees: Special committees are established under the Council of Ministers to deal with specific trade and other related matters. More than 10 special committees have been established, including the Trade and Development Commission; the Balance of Payments Limitation Committee; the Budget, Finance and Administration Commission; and the Trade and Environment Commission.

Secretariat and Director-General: The Secretariat of Tariffs and Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as the Secretariat), headed by the Director-General appointed by the Ministerial Conference, is located in Geneva, Switzerland, with approximately 500. The staff of the Secretariat are assigned by the Director-General and determine their responsibilities and conditions of service according to the rules adopted by the Ministerial Conference. The Director-General of the Tariffs and Trade Organization has the following responsibilities: he can maximize the influence on each member. It requires them to comply with the Tariffs and Trade Organization rules; the Director-General should consider and foresee the best development policy of the Tariffs and Trade Organization; help members resolve disputes arising from them; be responsible for the work of the Secretariat, manage the budget and administrative affairs related to all members; preside over consultations and informal negotiations to avoid disputes.

Tariff and Trade Organization members are divided into four categories: senior member states, quasi-senior member states, general member states, and observation member states.

China, Germany and the United Kingdom are senior members, while France, Russia, Austro-Hungary, Italy, Spain and the United States are quasi-senior member states, and the remaining countries are general members, and the countries that apply after they apply can become observer member states.

The Tariff and Trade Organization is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The first director-general of the Tariff and Trade Organization was Pat Rugero, the former British Foreign Trade Minister. This unfortunate man had to face the dispute between China and the United States as soon as he took office. However, in this position, he could not avoid it, so he had to take on this difficult task.

However, as an experienced foreign trade expert, he naturally knew how to avoid the important things. He was very open and formulated specific rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as a temporary contract for promoting trade liberalization. After the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was launched in 1913, both China and the United States showed signs of reconciliation and began to reduce their tariffs in accordance with the requirements of the Tariffs and Trade Agreement.

In the following two years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade presided over eight multilateral tariff and trade negotiations. The verdict was held in New York in 1914, called the "New York Round", the sixth round was called the "Hong Kong Round", and the seventh round was called the "Beijing Round".

In 1913, the General Council of the Organization of Tariffs and Trade unanimously adopted the final document on the implementation of the compulsory licensing system for patented drugs. According to the provisions of this document, when developing and least developed members experience public health crises due to smallpox, disease, tuberculosis and other epidemic diseases, they may produce, use and sell patented drugs related to the treatment of diseases that cause public health crisis without the permission of the patent owner.

This will not only greatly reduce the market price of related patented drugs, but will also help to control more quickly and effectively, alleviate the public health crisis, and ensure that the basic rights to life and health are respected and protected.

From December 13 to 18 of the same year, the meeting adopted the Ministerial Declaration, which stipulated that developed members and some developing members provide market access to all products of least developed countries without tariffs and quotas before 1930; developed members canceled cotton export subsidies for annually, and before the end of 1920

After the adjustment of the Tariff and Trade Organization, China and the United States finally compromised each other. With the recovery of the economy of the two countries, the diplomatic relations between the two countries have eased. However, for the top leaders of the two countries, China and the United States have different interests and fundamental conflicts of interest are too serious, and a war is inevitable.
Chapter completed!