.

Influenza, people were helpless in the face of this disaster because it was beyond the scope that medicine could explain at that time. This great plague directly led to the birth of a new discipline - virology.

Sergeant James of the US Army felt very uncomfortable in 1901. At first, his head hurts and his eyes are a little hot. James had long been accustomed to this situation, but he just ate more beef. James did not believe in the doctor. His brother was a doctor and barely passed the exam. After buying a copper sign, his brother, who was a doctor, warned his younger brother:

Never go to the doctor for treatment. What the doctor does is to 'prepare boiled water for those who don't drink alcohol, brandy and champagne for alcoholics; steak and dark beer for thin people, and vegetarian food that does not produce uric acid for fat people; prescriptions for old guys are closed windows, large stoves, and thick coats, and breathe fresh air for young fashion suitors, try to be naked without losing solemnity! "

But after the afternoon, James started to have a cold war and was curled up in a ball on the bed. However, the three-layer blanket could not make James feel warm. While James was considering whether to see a doctor, Doctor Roy had already taken the initiative to come to James. This was the 170th case in this military camp.

They call this disease 'three-day heat'. The patient suddenly gets sick, his body temperature rises suddenly, and continues to rise with the rise of the mercury column in the thermometer, his face turns red, and every bone in his body hurts faintly, and his head is cracked. This situation lasts for three to four days. With a lot of sweating, the body temperature drops, but the 'residual phenomenon' will continue for one to two weeks."

The treatment methods are consistent: bloodletting, vomiting, blisters, laxatives, pain relief, etc.; if the condition remains the same, repeat the measures used until the patient dies." Others are proficient, "I can hardly remember even a disease that can be truly cured by a doctor in the early years, but this method is very effective for patients with three-day fever." However, it is unknown whether the patient agrees.

James survived very fortunately, and at the same time he was determined not to accept any treatment from the doctor again. However, in the future, James' blood treated more than a dozen flu patients and became the most special member of the medical army.

The situation in the United States is not the only one. The name of the flu shows that as an unprecedented flu, it has a vast field worthy of its identity. In the spring of 1901, the disease began to be popular in scale, with a latency period of about three days, and the symptoms were chills and fever, but it was not fatal. The first climax of the flu was just a warning of subsequent terror. It seemed insignificant at the time, especially during the war.

It was February, and San Sebasti was in peak season. This happy town on the north coast of Spain seemed to be far away from the hustle and bustle, and had nothing to do with the terrifying wars on the French border. San Sebasti in winter is a good place to forget the war.

No one here talks about mustard gas, the deadly green mist, the terrifying new German war weapon. You can breathe a sigh of relief in the neutral country. The day here is warm and comfortable, the night is gentle and quiet, and I don't remember that the other half of Europe is trapped in a protracted war.

But the flu comes. There is no sign of it - it will be a fever, headache and muscle pain for about three days at most. But it is contagious. Almost everyone exposed to the disease will get sick after about two days. It invades healthy young people, and often ignores the elderly and children.

Subsequently, some soldiers also contracted the disease, although there were no obvious signs of flu spread. The flu came to Russia in March. The cold did not stop it, and he came to the United States along the Arctic Ocean route.

Two months later, everyone seemed to be sick. In Spain, 800 people fell ill, including King Alfonso III. One-third of the citizens in Madrid felt that they had to close the doors. Even the tram was shut down.

In other parts of the world, the outbreak was called Spanish flu, which shocked Spain. The origin of this name may be because Spain, as a wartime neutral country, did not scrutinize news reports as carefully as other European countries. Therefore, in Spain, the flu did not become a secret as it was in other regions. In fact, there are no fewer patients in other countries than Spain.

In 19014, France discovered influenza, not only among citizens, but also among British, American and German troops. In May, the disease spread to Britain, and George V was not spared. The British flu reached its peak in May, and influenza broke out in China and Japan at this time.

In Asia, it is also known as "three-day fever" and sometimes "wrestler fever". The flu had an impact on the war. The soldiers fighting in World War I fell in large numbers due to the flu, and non-commissioned officers complained that the disease had damaged their combat effectiveness. Both Russia and the United States were weakened for this reason.

The scope of the flu prevalence was unclear. At that time, no one required to report an influenza outbreak - only until the second climax of the 1901 flu +|The United States began to do this from then on after the second climax. Reports about influenza outbreaks were sporadic, mostly in prisons, military or in some factories, and only recorded absentees. There was no systematic action to track the epidemic.

Although the flu ravaged most of the world that spring, there were still large areas uninfected. Most of Africa, almost the entire South America, were not hit by the flu. By the time summer came, even the worst-case regions of the epidemic were gradually improving. The flu seemed to have disappeared without a trace.

After entering midsummer, the three-day heat quickly disappeared, as if it did not appear at all. As for the disease, although it is extremely contagious, the mortality rate is not high (some people were even killed by doctors. Another survey shows that the mortality rate of self-healing without doctors and relying on their own resistance is lower than that of people treated by doctors). No country pays attention to this. Their attention has turned to the world war again.

But after September, the flu broke out again. Unlike before, the mortality rate of influenza has been greatly enhanced, and the usual methods are ineffective, and the time of death can only be calculated in hours.

Doctors and nurses have learned to diagnose those symptoms: first, their face turned dark purple, then they began to cough up blood, and their limbs turned black. The god of death approached quietly, and the patient gasped wildly. Just to prolong the gasp, they vomited bloody fluid from their mouths. Finally, they died of suffocation - the lungs were filled with red liquid.

People call the plague after September 1901 the Great Flu. The data on the Great Flu is shocking, and the number of infections is unimaginable. More than 15% of the U.S. population is infected. Military people are the most favored by the virus. According to the Navy, 40% of its people are

% of people are sick. Therefore, the global death method is confirmed to be between 20 million and 100 million.

This number is shocking, in comparison; in World War I, the number of people killed 520,000. The total number of deaths was 950. The virus "killed more people than any disease in human history in such a short time."

Its risk is 400 for ordinary influenza. The mortality rate of infected people is 40, while only one in 1,000 deaths among ordinary influenza patients. One-fifth of the population worldwide is infected, including Americans. The number of deaths has led to a reduction of the average life expectancy of Americans by 12 years in 1901, exceeding the total number of deaths in a year such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lung disease and other diseases (however, Western medicine classified these as cachexia at this time).

The United States is not an exception. Germany, France, Russia, and Britain have not escaped. Several traditional European powers lost 11 million in a year. This is almost twice the deaths in war. In fact, this disaster was already very obvious in spring.

It started to move in areas that were not familiar with it. The second orgasm of the 1901 flu was still extremely high, but this time it was fatal. Demologists found that the spread of influenza was extremely obvious when tracking the unusual high mortality curve of young people. In August, the disease "unmercilessly raged the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Japan, China, much of the Caribbean and parts of Central and South America. These areas were fortunate to contain the flu epidemic in the spring."

Although 20% of the victims have a weak condition and can recover completely, half of the remaining diseases are terminally ill. Some are quickly dying, with water in their lungs filled with suffocation and suffocating. They die within a few days or even hours, with high fever, unconsciousness, shortness of breath, and finally fall into an unconscious state.

Some people start with just a common cold, chills, fever, muscle pain, and no more serious symptoms. But four or five days later, bacteria invade the infected lungs, causing pneumonia, which either makes them on the road to death or takes a lot of time to recover slowly.

The second climax of the flu landed in the United States by the city of Boston, which appeared in August among some sailors who landed ashore in the state’s docks. In that war that changed people’s daily lives, the undecided sailors were only part of a large number of mobile forces.

A part of Boston's sailors fell ill. Death followed closely. On September 8, three people died of flu in Boston, including a navy soldier, a merchant ship crew and a citizen. On the same day, the flu appeared in Devinsburg, Massachusetts, about fifty kilometers west of Boston.

Overnight, Devinsburg became hell on earth. A doctor who was assigned to work at the camp in September that year wrote a letter to a friend, despairingly describing the out of control of the flu. The doctor's letter dated September 29, 1901, and the last signature was "Roy".

No one knew more about him or how he ended up. The letter was revealed 60 years later, and people found the letter in a box in Detroit. Grist, a Scottish doctor at the University of Glasgow, believed it to be a warning story and published it in the December 2019 British Medical Journal.

Roy wrote: “The Devinsburg Camp is near Boston, with about 50,000 soldiers, or so many before the flu outbreak.” The flu broke out in the camp four weeks ago, adding that “it spreads extremely quickly, causing a decline in ambition, and almost all daily work has to stop until the end of the flu. All infected soldiers were isolated.”

The disease was extremely similar to some common flu at the beginning of the outbreak, but when soldiers went to the base hospital for treatment, they "quickly turned to the most viscous pneumonia on record. Two hours later, reddish-brown spots appeared on the cheekbones. After a few hours, they started from the ears, gradually spread to the face, and finally covered the skin of the body. This situation only lasted for a few hours, because death immediately came, and the patient tried to breathe uselessly. Finally, he died of suffocation. It was so terrible.

You may be able to endure one, two or twenty deaths, but it is really creepy to witness this hell torture. Here, on average, Death takes 100 away every day, and the numbers continue to increase."

Handling corpses became a problem. "Special trains were opened to transport corpses," Roy wrote. "For a while, coffins were not enough, and corpses were piled up in mountains. We often went to the morgue (just behind my ward) and watched the boys lying in rows. The scene was even more shocking than the situation where corpses were everywhere on the French battlefield. There were so many corpses that an additional long barracks had to be used as a morgue. The dead soldiers were dressed in military uniforms and lie in two rows. We had no time to rest, and we worked every morning until 9:30 pm to sleep, day after day."

Even medical experts were shocked when they saw the tragic situation in the Devinsburg camp. Just on September 23, six days before Roy wrote this letter, the US Military Medical Director sent an authoritative American medical community to the camp to check the situation. The doctor, William Henry Welch, was not only an internal medicine physician, but also a scientist and pathologist. He received unparalleled honors and served as the land president of the most prestigious scientific and medical associations in the United States. Some say that in his time, people praised Welch as much as they used to treat Benjamin Franklin.

Welsh was like Roy, who was a magnificent figure and a kind middle-aged bachelor. At this time, he was called to investigate the tragedy that occurred in Devinsburg. The scene in front of him shocked doctors such as Welsh. The camp that originally accommodated 35,000 soldiers is now crowded with 45,000 people, and at 24:00 before Welsh arrived, someone died. On the day of Welsh arrived, 63 people died. The hospital has a capacity of 2,000 people. Now, the hospital has 8,000 patients.

When he arrived at the morgue and stood in front of the autopsy table, Welsh opened the chest cavity of a young man's body, and his lungs were revealed, which was really shocking. After the swollen and blue lung was cut open, Dr. Welsh saw the liquid-filled, foamy ground lungs.

Just as Roy was caring for patients in Devinsburg and Welsh came to the camp to inspect, the disease quietly slipped into Philadelphia, the United States.

In this plague, Philadelphia was attacked so early, probably because the disease could easily spread from the Philadelphia naval shipyard. Shortly after reaching Devinsburg, the flu first attacked the naval seamen on the 11th; or maybe it was because Philadelphia was too close to Fort Mead, the two military fortresses in Deliland, New Jersey, both of which were in

It was attacked; or it may be because of a large parade in Philadelphia, the city gathered 200,000 people on the march; or it was in vain due to the above factors. In short, Philadelphia is one of the cities with the most severe epidemic in the United States.

As the flu continued to spread, Philadelphia took some measures. On September 18, 1901, Philadelphia health officials began fighting coughing, spitting and snot in public places. Three days later, the flu was considered a disease worth reporting, which meant cases of illness would be recorded. By October 1, Philadelphia was in trouble. That day, government health officials received 635 influenza cases. Obviously, the severity of the situation was underestimated. Doctors were submerged in patients, and apparently most cases were not counted, and the number of real patients was unknown.

On October 3, all schools, churches, theaters, swimming pools and other entertainment venues were closed to minimize the spread of the disease. October 5th was just the weekend, and people died of influenza or their complications in Philadelphia within a week. In the second week, the flu reported death toll reached 45 million, and hundreds of thousands of people became ill. The patients, rich and poor, flocked to hospitals. In the month after the effusion reached Philadelphia, nearly 11,000 people died of the disease. In 1901, 1010, was an unforgettable day, when 759 people in Philadelphia became victims of the flu.

"Just like those days of the plague in the 14th century. Door-to-door nurses often enter the contagious zone," said historian Alfred Crosby. "They attracted a large number of pleaders—or people who were afraid of getting close to them because they were afraid of the white masks they were wearing. The nurses might have made an appointment in the morning, but they looked at 50 when they came back in the evening. A man was found dead in the bed, with his dead wife and a newborn twin lying next to him, with only 24 hours from birth to death, and his wife had no food except for the chance to reach out/apple."

Crosby found that the funeral staff was too busy at all. "The charity association once found a funeral home and was willing to bury a poor man. Sometimes, the body was left at home for several days. Private funeral homes were overloaded, and some people took advantage of this opportunity to make a fortune, increasing the price by six times. Some people complained that the cemetery staff collected 15 gold land funeral fees and asked the deceased's family to dig the funeral pit by themselves."

In the Philadelphia morgue, corpses piled up in groups “in the corridor and in almost every room,” Crosby said. They were “covered with dirty, bloody sheets. Most of the bodies were not covered with preservatives and were not refrigerated. Some of them began to decay. The doors of the morgue were open, probably for air circulation. Chaos scenes similar to large horror dramas were shown to everyone who wanted to get a glimpse of the truth, including the children.”

The nightmare in Philadelphia kicked off the plague and added a lot of horror to it. Almost everywhere in the world, the flu had already covered most of the world's corners in the first week, except for some remote islands and Australia.

In Ottawa, Canada, local newspapers reported that "trams were parked on Bank Street, with windows wide open and few passengers. Schools, musical theaters, cinemas did not have any ***. The swimming pools and bowling alleys were empty." In a small town in South Africa, bodies were buried in blankets due to the lack of coffins. At the Sherman Camp in Russia, Russia, 13,161 people (about 40% of the camp soldiers) suffered from influenza between September 27, 1901 and 1013, 1901, and people died.

Military physicians tried every possible way to stop the spread of the plague. They vaccinated the soldiers, which came from the body fluids of patients infected with the flu or some bacteria they thought caused the disease. The soldiers were made to have sore throats every day and had to rinse their mouths with disinfectant water or alcohol. They hung sheets between the beds for isolation. There was a camp that even hung quarantines in the middle of the dining table in the canteen. At the Waterridge Hospital, soldiers chewed tobacco every day, believing that this helped to drive away the flu.

Public health departments distribute masks to the public and wear them in public places. Stanleyb Burns, a doctor and historical photo collector in New York, has a picture of the Class B baseball League during the flu period. It is a surreal image: pitchers, batsmen, every player, and even every spectator wear a mask.

In Tucson, Arizona, the Health Commission issued a rule: "Within Tucson City, anyone who appears on the streets, in the parks, any commercial transaction locations and any other public places must wear at least four layers of dry). The mask must cover his mouth and nose."

Strange stories spread everywhere. There is a story about four women playing bridge together one night, but three of them died of flu the next day. Stories about people going to work but died a few hours later are endless.

At that time, many volunteers, mostly women, bravely walked towards patients and cared for them. In El Paso, Texas, the rate of poor Mexicans dying from the disease was frighteningly high. Oi School, a 28-class school, was converted into a hospital, hosting most of the people in the stream.

People from all over the city volunteered to serve Oi schools, provide food and clothing, and use their cars to take patients to hospitals. Women helped with kitchens, secretaries, driving and nursing work. Someone wrote: "I have not taken nursing courses and have not been trained. Maybe I have no qualifications for nursing, but I long to help those suffering."

Wolf's brother Ben was lying in the ward upstairs, and his family was guarding the bedside. He watched Death walk in, but he was helpless. Wolf walked up the stairs. He saw the young Diben.

Ben's slender body was covered with a quilt. The edges and corners of the quilt were torn, which was obviously the result of a struggle with disease and pain. The quilt seemed not Ben, it was messy, like a prisoner who was about to be beheaded. Ben's face also changed from yellow to pale. In this layer of death, there were two red clouds that had a fever and a hard beard that had not been shaved for three days. Ben's thin lips trembled slightly. He was twisted by illness and depression, and his teeth were blew white. He tried to breathe and sucked a wisp of air into his lungs.

This gasping sound—the hoarseness filled the room in disbelief, and the whine was always there—something that lasted for the scene.”

The next day, Ben began to be unconscious. "At four o'clock in the morning, it was obvious that the footsteps of the god of death had sounded," Wolf wrote. "Ben was sometimes awake and sometimes drowsy-but most of the time he was talking nonsense. Breathing became easier, he

He hummed pop songs in a row, some of which were forgotten or secret, but most of the time he was humming a wartime pop song in a low voice—vulgar but sad: ‘Just praying in the dusk’.”

My eyes were almost closed, and my eyes were dull, with a sense of ignorance and death. He lay quietly on the bed. He could not feel any illness. His mouth was tightly closed."

Wolf accompanied Ben all night and prayed strongly, although he did not believe in God before: "'Whoever you are, please help Ben tonight. Guide him... Whoever you are, please help Ben tonight. Guide him...' He forgot the time and heard Ben's weak gasp and his crazy prayer."

Wolf fell asleep. He woke up suddenly and told his family that the last moment had come. Ben lay quietly and motionlessly. "Ben's body gradually stiffened before them." Then there was a last breath, "Ben took a long breath, opened his gray eyes, and poured all his vitality into this moment. He looked like he raised his body from a pillow-full of enthusiasm, light and glory." Then, Wolf wrote, Ben "suddenly left, like when he was alive, contemptuously and fearlessly embarked on the road of no return."

There is no way to save Wolf's brother. No one knows how to treat the flu, without the special medicine to reduce heat, the air cannot be injected into the swollen lungs, the life cannot be prolonged, and the death cannot be slowed down. Treatment is just what some doctors call palliative therapy - giving patients food and fresh air. A few months later, as the last victims of the flu died, the mysterious virus disappeared without a trace.

China's situation has been controlled to a certain extent, and it was controlled in November~.Yang, the British Times' very rare full version reports on China's prevention and control methods

At present, China's influenza epidemic has been effectively controlled and the normal economic and social order is gradually recovering. Overall, the series of prevention and control measures taken in the previous work have played a positive role.

In the face of the flu, the measures taken by China make people feel that the profound heritage of this ancient civilization can be said to be that when the number of people is far more than that of our country, China can always control the number of patients to five million, which can be said to be extremely successful!

Close contacts and general contacts are divided strictly in accordance with the "Standards for Determination and Handling Principles for Close Contacts of Infectious Influenza (Trial)". Close contacts are strictly isolated and observed. When patients with influenza or suspected patients are excluded, the isolation measures for their close contacts will be immediately lifted.

General contacts should be subject to a two-week medical observation, that is, body temperature is checked every day and asked about any related symptoms. If there is no abnormality, they should not be restricted or restricted in disguise to work, live and study, and should not be isolated or disguised in disguise. Mobile personnel with fever symptoms from infectious influenza endemic areas should be subject to medical observation in medical institutions.

Medical observation will no longer be conducted on people from areas where no confirmed cases have been reported for more than 20 consecutive days. As the epidemic slows down, restrictions on personnel flow must be gradually lifted to ensure the normal progress of official, business and other daily activities.

Body temperature reaches or exceeds 37.

Passengers do not need to issue a health certificate when traveling in the country. Passengers taking trains, ships, or buses fill out the "Health Application Card" in the unified format stipulated by the National Influenza Prevention and Control Command Health Quarantine Group at the starting station. The card is kept by the designated unit of the transportation department and is promptly transferred to the local disease prevention and control agency as needed. For passengers taking the same train (vehicle), localities shall not require repeated filling of the "Health Application Card".

Passengers must take their body temperature at the starting station and arrival station. Passengers with a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (based on the mercury thermometer test) are not allowed to board public transportation. Passengers with a body temperature of 8 degrees Celsius should immediately take measures such as quarantine, transfer, and stay in accordance with relevant regulations. Preventive and control measures should be taken for close contacts in accordance with regulations, and epidemic reports should be made. Passengers should be tested and registered for temperatures and no fees should be charged.

No traffic shall be blocked without approval

The people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall make appropriate adjustments to temporary traffic health quarantine stations (points) within their jurisdiction and shall not reduce the number arbitrarily, but shall avoid repeated inspections. Without approval, no unit or individual shall set up traffic health quarantine stations (points); without approval by the President, no unit or individual shall block traffic in any way.

Traffic health quarantine stations (points) at the junction of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government must conduct temperature checks on persons entering their jurisdiction, and release people with normal temperatures. At the same time, disinfect the internal internal vehicles of the above-mentioned vehicles. The vehicles that have been disinfected on the same day shall not be disinfected repeatedly, the external vehicles shall not be disinfected, and the goods carried shall not be disinfected.

No repeated line perspectives for normal people that are harmful to health shall be carried out

Migrant workers shall not be set up

Continue to do a good job in medical observation of students returning to school in colleges and universities, and implement a daily temperature inspection system; strengthen management of migrant workers who have returned to the city, but no obstacles to working should be set up. We must strengthen sanitation and epidemic prevention inspections in the workplaces where migrant workers live in concentrated areas, and provide migrant workers with relatively fixed and sanitary and ventilation conditions.

It is safe to contact patients with cured and discharged from hospital

Epidemiological research results show that no new epidemic spread occurs among patients who have been cured and discharged from the hospital, and it is safe to contact with patients who have been cured and discharged from the hospital. Patients with influenza generally need to recuperate after being cured and discharged, but their freedom of life should not be restricted. If their physical condition permits one to two weeks later, they should resume normal work and study.

After these systems were implemented, China's influenza was controlled and was basically only prevalent in the Northeast and Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas. The north and Guangdong and Guangxi were not affected. Moreover, in terms of mortality, the mortality rate of Chinese people is far lower than that of European and American races, with a mortality rate of only 5%.

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In order not to overturn this human ship, the First World War was over. The defeated countries wanted to reduce losses, and the victorious countries wanted to seize the fruits of victory. Both sides were very afraid of the influenza. The Six-Nation Conference was held and the First World War was officially over.
Chapter completed!