Volume 6, The Country and the Mountains, Volume 30, The Allies and the Allies
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The process has been intensified to a boiling point.
As powerful countries on both ends of the European continent, Russia and France generally rarely have direct geopolitical conflicts. Except for the two Napoleon periods, the ambition of the first Napoleon and the revenge of the second Napoleon led to a war between the two countries. From a geopolitical perspective, since France and Russia no longer have direct conflicts in Europe and there is no conflict in colonial competition, then in the face of Germany's aggressive momentum on the European continent, France and Russia are unstoppable.
After 1879, an economic war broke out between Russia and Germany...|. The fiscal situation deteriorated. At this time, huge capital from France continued to invest, giving the Russian economy an opportunity to recover. In this way, France and Russia were approaching, and it was natural. In 1891, France and Russia concluded a diplomatic agreement, and in 1893, the French-Russian military agreement officially came into effect. This means that the alliance and hostility between major powers have been fixed, and European powers have entered a dead end.
Like the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russia is also an authoritarian oriental monarchy who suffers face and is even better than the Austro-Hungarian Empire in this regard. Russia has repeatedly suffered diplomatic containment by Germany and Austria in the expansion of Balkan power, and has lost face in front of the so-called Slavic brothers. France does not actively support Russia's ambitions in the Balkans. Russia eventually loses all patience. The diplomatic community and the military do not intend to spend their energy in small-scale and controllable diplomatic conflicts at all, and only intend to prepare for a full-scale war. All allies and opponents, drag in for a "final trial."
This change eventually led to a strange diplomatic situation. Austria's diplomacy was restrained by Serbia, Germany's diplomacy was restrained by Austria, Russia's diplomacy was restrained by Germany, France's diplomacy was restrained by Russia, Britain's diplomacy was restrained by France, and eventually all major European countries were influenced by the Balkan situation, confirming Bismarck's prophecy. European powers "one day they will fight a European war for a few Balkan idiots."
Britain: Shrink the front line, fight Russia with all its might
Britain and France were originally feudal feuds, and their history of feudal feuds was far greater than that of feuds between France and Germany. The conflict between Britain and France began after Britain occupied Egypt in 1882. = Competition. The colonial competition between Britain and France reached its peak in the French-Sauda crisis not long ago. As for Britain and Russia, there were even more conflicts, in Central Asia, in the Far East, and in the Near East, conflicts were almost everywhere.
Britain has always been good at evaluating specific threats, so in order to prevent France and Russia from joining forces to deal with themselves in colonial disputes, it was determined in 1882, thus indirectly establishing relations with the Three Kingdoms alliance led by Germany.
With the substantial expansion of Russia's power, especially its aggressive behavior towards India, Britain forced its efforts to seriously consider the threat posed by Russia's expansion.
In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to a series of diplomatic activities by two European leaders, Napoleon III and Bismarck, the principles of power politics and realist diplomacy became widely accepted by policy makers in various countries. The orthodox principle of self-control and balance between inside and outside became very unimportant. This principle is the most fundamental reason for maintaining the Vienna system that has defended European peace for a century.
With the advancement of science and technology, the development of transportation and the expansion of markets, the depth of management and suppression of the country have been further strengthened. Once conservative countries no longer need each other to support each other to deal with various revolutionary movements at home and abroad, they can do their own diplomatically and break up each other. Although the origin of the First World War was the conflict between Russia and France and Britain, the decisive factor was indeed the division of the three autocratic monarchs of Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary, and the change in Britain's attitude became the last straw that crushed the camel's balance of power in Europe.
The 19th century was also a century when nationalist trends were turbulent. Russia promoted Panslavism in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, while Germany promoted Panslavism in a tit-for-tat way. On the one hand, the multi-ethnic empire of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was shaky in the wave of Panslavism, and on the other hand, it hoped that Germany could stand on the standpoint of Panslavism.
For national glory and national unity, France never forgets to retake the area. For the same reason, Germany will never give up. Russia is jealous of Germany's hegemony on the European continent, while Germany is afraid of Russia's huge potential. France covets Britain's world hegemony and envies Britain's high seas fleet.
Britain regards France as an unmistakable evidence of imitating Britain's establishment of the High Seas Fleet as the overthrow of the British Empire. Every country suffers from narcissism, chatters about its own natural rights, and speculates on the intentions of other countries with the greatest malicious intentions.
Public sentiment and newspaper editorials have become the criterion for the government to formulate policies. French public opinion is to demand the recovery of lost territory and revenge of Germany, while British public opinion is "Whoever wants to avoid civil war will become an imperialist." Both Britain and France are so-called democratic representative countries, and it is natural to respond to public opinion. Although Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary are not democratic countries, such authoritarian countries are more sensitive to public opinion.
Because in these autocratic countries, the prestige of the monarch and the continuation of the dynasty are maintained entirely by strong external expansion. Due to the lack of appropriate institutional channels for venting, public opinion focuses on foreign policy, and does not view international relations from a strategic perspective. They always regard diplomatic struggles as sports competitions, regard normal diplomatic compromises as a great humiliation, and cheer for dangerous military conflicts. They always think that the peak of the international crisis is a golden trophy and countless glory.
This emotion infected decision makers of major countries. They believed that occasionally wars and bleeding "would make the nation's constitution stronger." Their only mistake was that they did not expect that under the conditions of industrialization, wars between countries would no longer be controlled in scale, either a complete victory or a complete destruction.
So everything happens next and it seems very reasonable.
On December 9, France and Russia signed regulations: if Germany or Italy attack France with the support of Germany. Russia applies all its troops to attack Germany; if Germany or Austria attacks Russia with the support of Germany, France applies all its troops to fight Germany. France and Russia formally form an alliance.
At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, as Germany's attitude softened, the conflicts with the Russians intensified. Britain felt that it was necessary to strengthen its ties with Germany, and decided to give up the traditional glorious isolation policy and began to get closer to Germany. On 1211, Britain and Germany signed an agreement to divide the colonies. The main content of this agreement was: Germany does not interfere in Britain's actions in Egypt, and Britain recognized that Germany had the power to maintain peace and assist reforms in Morocco;
December 12, England, Germany and Australia
Affiliate Agreement to form an agreement group
The two countries' spheres of influence in the United States are defined: with the Mississippi River as the boundary, the western half is the British sphere of influence, and the eastern half is Germany's sphere of influence; Germany abandons its exclusive fishing rights in Newfoundland. Britain gives up some colonies in Germany and West Africa. At the same time, the secret clause also stipulates that if one of the governments of both sides is "forced by the situation", they can also change the status quo in Egypt or South America.
However, the principles of free trade, free passage of the Suez Canal, and prohibition of fortification on the south bank of the Strait of Gibraltar continue to be maintained. Once the Sudanese regime in Morocco ends, part of Morocco's territory, that is, the south bank of the Strait of Gibraltar, will be given to Spain. Through the agreement, the conflict between Britain and Germany has been resolved, and the interests of both sides tend to be consistent. Since then, in order to deal with the common opponents, France, the United States and Russia have also begun to adjust their relationship.
Article 1 States Parties shall agree to each other peace and friendship. They shall not participate in alliances or agreements aimed at opposing any of them. They shall agree to exchange views on general political and economic issues that may occur, and they shall agree to each other, in the scope of their respective interests.
Article 2 If Italy is attacked by France without direct provocation, regardless of the reason, the other two States Parties must provide assistance to the attacked party with all their troops. If Germany is attacked by France without direct provocation, Italy also bears the same obligation.
Article 3 If one or both parties are attacked without direct provocation, causing war to arise with two or more major powers not signed by this Treaty. For all States Parties, reasons for the implementation of the Covenant shall be immediately and simultaneously formed.
Article 4 If a major power not a signatory to this Treaty threatens the national security of one of the Contracting States and the threatened party is therefore forced to fight it, the other two parties of the Contracting States must adopt goodwill neutrality to their allies. In this case, they each reserve the right to participate in the war and fight together with their allies as they think it is appropriate.
Article 5 If the peace of either party is threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the above paragraphs, the parties shall promptly consult on military measures to be taken for the implementation of final cooperation. They agree that in the future, if they participate in war together, in any case, arbitrage, peace treaty and treaty shall not be concluded without mutual agreement between them.
Article 6 The Contracting Party meets to keep secrets about the contents of this Treaty and its existence.
December 13, France, Russia, and the United States |
In the treaty, the three countries agreed that they would
"Support and cooperate with each other... in order to achieve their goal of establishing and maintaining a new order, and promote mutual benefit and the blessings of the people concerned."
The three countries confirm the other party's sphere of influence and promise
"Using political, economic and military power, assist any party who has not participated in the war and is attacked."
But surprisingly, there was a lack of a clause inside. "The enemy of the alliance is the common enemy of the member states of the alliance." As a result, in the following World War I, a ridiculous situation emerged. "As an ally of the United States, North China maintained an ambassador-level diplomatic relationship with the United States while fighting with the United States. It is really amazing in the world."
Three European and American powers formed a strong camp and were ready to seize their own interests. In India, after the Russians paid a significant price, they finally stabilized their positions and firmly controlled northern India. The French were preparing to connect West Africa and the Americans were preparing to regain lost territory. The world was shrouded in the shadow of the allies.
Forced by the situation on December 15, the Allied Group made public:|. The situation of opposition between the two major groups was revealed. As a powerful country, where China will go, it will become the lifeline of the two major groups. Before China decides, neither side dares to start a war easily.
The two major groups also understand that China, which has one foot in the quagmire of war, has actually no choice but to wait for the final result of the naval battle between the US and French fleets and the Chinese fleet.
At the port of San Francisco in the early morning of December 18, six >. Ten second-class armored cruisers were ready and drove into the distance in the morning breeze. In the distance of the sea, there was the French-American joint fleet anchored in Los Angeles. Thirty nautical miles from Los Angeles, a ten armed transport ship and three old ironclad ships were quietly waiting for the opportunity.
At ten o'clock in the morning, the Chinese fleet reached thirty nautical miles from Los Angeles and was discovered by the French patrol fleet. Then, after a brief artillery battle, the French patrol fleet was sent to the bottom of the sea, and none of them escaped. Then, a French cruiser fleet was finally discovered at fifteen nautical miles.
French cruiser Trecasto and two sisters built the Dassas Kent. (displacement 8142 tons. Main equipment: 2 238mm.12140mm guns)
Faced with an overwhelming enemy, this cruiser formation played a great courage to fight the Chinese fleet. If it fled, the consequences would be extremely serious. At that time, the French fleet had not yet set fire, and it would take an hour and a half to heat the boiler until it could be driven.
The Chinese fleet is only forty minutes away from Los Angeles. Including Los Angeles' poor coastal defense, it can only barely resist for a few minutes. The remaining half hour is enough to send all the US and French coalition forces underwater at the port.
Considering the previous prompt, Tan Fenglin did not advance too much, but used the number of main guns to concentrate on attacking enemy ships at 3,000 meters. On the other hand, the number of main guns of 0 meters seems very pitiful, and the 140-meter secondary gun cannot even penetrate 75 meters of armor at a distance of 3,000 meters, and use 6 guns to fight against 148 cannons. As a result,
At 10:28 am, ‘Trecasto was shot ~
Trekasto was shot at 10:35 am, and Rick sank into the sea.
1042 points Kent sank
Dassas sank at 10:58
The loss of the Chinese fleet was only the destruction of four 152-meter secondary guns.
After the initial victory, the morale of Chinese naval soldiers was greatly boosted and they began to march towards Los Angeles.
On a warship, a new recruit stared at the distance with his eyes wide open.
"Uncle, I'm not afraid this time. Americans or French are not our opponents. They are the ones who need to consider surviving. We only need to consider how many shots we can hit them. Are you right?"
Chapter completed!