I also checked some information, I think the francs are 1:16.5 francs are 1:5 USDs are 1:5 based on the following 1

"The US dollar Eagle Eagle Emblem gold issued by the United States after the Civil War and the British Shavelyn gold coins (Sovereign, 30 shillings or 1.5 pounds) are worth nearly 25 francs. Therefore, the two countries proposed to establish connections with the Latin currency alliance by issuing 25 francs, but this suggestion was rejected by France, which was worried about the cost of reminiscing the currency."

USD to silver 1:1.25

"For example, in the United States, after independence, the US dollar was used as a unit of currency. Before 1873, a "dollar" could be converted into 24.06 grams of silver by law, which is approximately equal to one Spanish silver round. Because the US government rarely minted a dollar of coins, Spanish silver rounds were always one of the main circulating currencies before the Civil War, and most banks used Spanish silver rounds as reserves. Before the United States abandoned the silver standard at the end of the 19th century, the twenty-five and ten-sen auxiliary coins minted by the US Mint were all caused by four and ten-sen liquors of the legal silver content of the US dollar."

‘One tael of silver is 31.25 grams’, considering the depreciation factor, it is about 1; 1.25

Franc to Mark about 1:1.25

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained independence with the London Agreement on April 18, 1839. The country used francs as the calculation currency, and the currency value was expressed as a ratio of the price to the Dutch guild (1 franc = 47.25 points). Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union in 1842. One indirect consequence of the alliance's basic document (Dresden Monetary Convention) was the abolition of the francs and decimal systems. In the face of protests by residents, the Grand Duchy authorities took advantage of the opportunity of the extension of the customs union agreement to abolish the Drresden Convention.

A law on December 20, 1848 formally determined that the Luxembourgian franc replaced the Dutch guild and acted as the country's calculation currency. However, all payments were still made with Tale (1 Tale = 3.75 francs), and after 1876, it was changed to Mark (1 Mark = 1.25 francs). The first batch of franc coins were released in January 1852, with a low face value (2.5 mints and 10 mints), and the total circulation was very limited (150,000 francs).

Silver vs. Japanese yen is about 1:1.5

There is no big basis for compensation based on Sino-Japanese War

Silver versus pound versus dollar franc mark

1:0.25:1.25:6.25:1

The Tangxu Railway started construction on June 9, 1881. British engineer Jinda presided over the construction. It uses a 1435 mm gauge of the British Railway. The sleepers are semicircular elm produced from the local area and paved with limestone collected nearby. The rail was made of 30 pounds per yard. The railway was 9.7 kilometers long, with no tunnels or bridges, and was built in 5 months.

When discussing the rail gauge, in order to reduce the cost, Tang Tingshu advocated the construction of a narrow gauge of 762 mm, while Jinda advocated the use of a gauge of 1435 mm (4 feet 8 inches of British standard gauge). Li Hongzhang weighed it over and over again and accepted Jinda's opinion. China's railway was able to "connect" with the world railway. The cost per mile was 3,000 pounds.

Warship cost related:

"British "Inflexible" warship.

In 1905, the British Navy submitted a budget report. In that year, the British House of Commons approved the "1906 Naval Budget" for the construction of three new warships, and officially named it the "HMS Invincible", and the other two were named "HMS Inflexible" and "HMS Indomitable". Initially, they were still classified as armored cruisers, until 1912. In order to distinguish them from the latter, such warships were redefined as "battlecruiser". (From the English word "Battlecruiser", the concept was first proposed by Fisher, and later formed the special noun "Battle-cruiser" or "Battlecruiser" and customarily translated into "battlecruiser".)

The "Forgive" started construction at the Clyde Landing yard of Brown Company on February 5, 1906, and was launched on June 26 of the following year and entered service in October 1908. The "Forgive" started construction at the Gowen Shipyard of Fairfred Shipbuilding Company on March 1, 1906, and was launched on March 16 of the following year and entered service in June 1908.

The "Invincible" started construction at the Ayerswick Shipyard of Armstrong on April 2, 1906, and was launched on April 14 of the following year and entered service in March 1909. In order to avoid an exclusive monopoly in arms manufacturing, the British Admiralty Department handed over the three "Invincible" class (i.e., "Inferith" class) to different companies for manufacturing. Before the "Invincible" was launched, the "BeHerophon" shipyard turned to the "HMSSuperb" class "HMSSuperb", which caused the corresponding slowdown in the construction period of the "Invincible" and finally became the latest one of the three ships of the same class to be completed and put into service. At the price at that time, the ship's construction cost was 1,752,000 pounds, and the unit cost was about 101.6 pounds per ton, which was only less than 2% lower than the "Defender" battleship. At the time, the ship's cost was 1,752,000 pounds, and the unit cost was about 101.6 pounds per ton, which was only less than 2% lower than the "Defender" battleship. At the price at that time, the ship's cost was 1,752,000 pounds, and the unit cost was about 101.6 pounds per ton, which was only less than 2% lower than the "Defender" battleship. At the time, the ship's cost was 1,752,000 pounds, and the unit cost was about 101.6 pounds per ton, which was only less than 2% lower than the "Defender" battleship. At the price at that time, the ship's cost was 1,752,000 pounds, and the unit cost was about 101.6 pounds per ton, which was only less than 2% lower than the "Defender" battleship.

Invincible level (1905-1907 budget)

1905 Budget: Inflexible, Indomitable

1906 Budget: Invincible

Construction cycle 1906, 2~1909, 3

Full length/type width/drain 172.8/23.9/8.0 meters

Standard/full load displacement 17420/20135 tons

Number of boilers/hosts 31/4 units

Maximum output power is normal 41,000 horsepower / overload 46,000 horsepower

Maximum speed is normal 25 knots/overload 26.6 knots

Maximum battery life is 6020 nautical miles/15 knots 3000 nautical miles/25 knots

Main gun number 12 inches and 8 pcs

Number of secondary guns is 4 inches and 16

5 torpedo launch tubes 18 inches

Main armor belt (bow/length/stern) maximum thickness 4/6/3 inches

Watertight compartment thickness 6~7 inches

Horizontal armor plate maximum thickness 2.5 inches

Turret (face/side/top/cannon seat) 7/4/4/7 inches

Command tower maximum thickness 10 inches

Crew 784

Average cost (GBP) 1752,000

The cost of sail warships in the same period is related to:

Guangyi/Guangyi C cruiser (steel-stranded steel shell torpedo Clipper)

The Shipbuilding Bureau of Fuzhou (FooChow) was manufactured by 200,000 taels of silver each. It was supervised by Wei Han, Chen Zhaoao, Zheng Qinglian, Wu Dezhang, Li Shoutian and Yang Lianchen. The "Guangyi" was the 30th ship built by the Shipbuilding Bureau of Fujian, and the "Guangbing" was the 32nd ship. Construction started on January 2, 1888, July 28, 1887, launched on August 28, 1889, April 11, 1891, completed on November 30, 1890, and December 18, 1891.

Ship data: The two ships are of the same class, with a length of 71.63 meters, a width of 8.23 ​​meters, a draft of 3.96 meters, a main gulf area of ​​78.89 square meters, a sail area of ​​51.55 square meters, a displacement of 1,000 tons, a power of 3 round boilers, 2 Kangbang coal-based horizontal 2 cylinder steam, a power of 2,400 horsepower, a speed of 16.5 knots, a 110 person entrusted, and a pipe belt is the garrison.

Main weapons: 3 Krupp 120mm guns (replaced with 120mm rapid-fire guns built by the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895), 4 57mm Haqiais rapid-fire guns, 4 37mm 5-tube Haqiais machine guns, and 4 18-inch torpedo tubes.

Ship History: "Guangyi" and "Guangyi" belong to the Guangdong Navy. In May 1894, the Qing court reviewed the Navy for the second time. Yu Xiongfei, the registered general of the Guangdong Navy, took the three ships "Guangyi", "Guangyi" and "Guangyi" to Beiyang to meet the exercise. During the exercise, "the three ships in Guangdong drove along the way to practice the ship formation, changing neatly, geese were fishing and manipulating freely", and "the target was also more than 70%". After the meeting, the situation in North Korea became increasingly tense, and Cheng Biguang wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang, requesting to stay in Beiyang to prepare for war. Li Hongzhang adopted this proposal. "Guangyi" and "Guangyi" and "Guangyi" were later transferred to the Beiyang Navy because they stayed in Beiyang.

On the day of launching, the telegram from Hampshire called "Evergrande" the most powerful warship. It was very eye-catching and was a milestone in the history of the development of battleships. The story about designing the "Evergrande" revealed a problem that plagued the navies of various countries at that time.

With the use of armor on warships, the navies of various countries discovered that they were in a battle without victories - a battle between artillery and armor. In the 1870s, the navy had the idea that a fantastic huge artillery could not destroy an armored warship in naval battles alone. The completion of this task could only rely on skillful and accurate volleys rather than the intermittent shooting of giant artillery.

At this time, Armstrong and whitworth were preparing to build unprecedented large artillery. The birth of combined artillery manufacturing technology made this idea feasible. Before that, the artillery was cast in whole with iron or copper. The largest one was the 112-trunk and 68-pound cannon produced by Dundas in 1841. Now Armstrong's method is to tightly fit the forged steel hoops and steel pipes on the main barrel of the barrel as the barrel, and theoretically, it can make cannons of any caliber. In this way, the navy factory could create an unprecedented 12-inch artillery that meets the needs of the British Navy.

The Italians made a more amazing move. Like the British many years ago, what disturbed them was that their long coastline in the Mediterranean was very vulnerable, while the French, as neighbors, were constantly expanding their naval forces. Therefore, Benedetto Brin, the great Italian naval expansion planner, proposed a vision that rather than building a large number of warships with ordinary firepower, it would be better to build a limited number of warships equipped with giant artillery. These new warships would be equipped with the latest Armstrong, weighing 50 tons each, which was far better than the 15-inch guns of the British Navy's 12-inch guns.

The Mediterranean, which has always been dominated by the British navy, will have nightmares of some such steel monsters, forcing the British navy generals to consider corresponding countermeasures. The construction of the "Everlaxibai" is the result of this consideration.

The "Evergrande" which laid a keel in Portsmouth on February 24, 1874, became one of the masterpieces in the history of British battleship design. This is because it is a central armored fort warship, and it is the first battleship to replace the vertical armored battleship arranged along the waterline with an armored deck located below the waterline. This also became a model for the designs of various countries' battleships later imitated. Compared with previous designs, the "Evergrande" was completely updated in the distribution and thickness of armor, the arrangement of firepower and equipment, and the use of electricity. A long list of advantages proves that it is an extremely powerful combat machine.

The Italians had a 50-ton cannon, while the British had a 60-ton cannon. But these 60-ton cannons had not been manufactured at this time. But in 1875, the year after the "Evergrande" laid a keel, the first 80-ton cannon had begun design, and it was expected to adopt a 14.5-inch caliber. After a series of experiments, the caliber was increased to 15-inches, and after hard work, the caliber finally reached 16-inches. According to the principle that the installed cannon should be as large as possible, this cannon was immediately booked for the "Evergrande". Fortunately, the "Evergrande" had already considered the future when designing it.

The giant artillery reserved enough space, but this still increased her displacement by 800 tons compared to the installation of 12-inch cannons and her draft increased by 12 inches. The Italians who heard the news hurriedly ordered 17.7-inch 100 tons of artillery from Armstrong. But the warships they were already under construction could not accommodate such cannons, either thinning armor or building another ship. These ideas were eventually abandoned. In order to maintain the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean, as a make-up, these four 100-ton cannons were installed in coastal fortresses near Gibraltar and Malta.

In order to better understand the "Everlaixibai" account, you might as well divide it into three parts to introduce it:

The 1.110-foot-long and 75-foot-wide central armored fort extends from 9.5 feet above the waterline to 6 feet below the waterline. There are two main turrets distributed diagonally, as well as the hydraulic pressure that drives the main turret - gear system and ammunition depot. The armor consists of two layers, above the waterline is a 20-inch thick iron armor and a 24-inch thick teak backing, the waterline is a 24-inch thick iron armor and a 17-inch thick teak backing, and below the waterline is a 16-inch thick iron armor and a 25-inch thick teak backing.

2. Below the waterline is covered by a 3-inch thick armored deck extending from the bow angle to the stern of the ship. Below the armored deck are divided into separate watertight engine compartments and boiler compartments.

The design principle of the parts above the 3.3-inch armored deck is to only ensure that the structure can be kept stable and reliable. These armor-free parts are damaged or water inlet will not affect the stability of the warship.

The armor structure of the "Engford Xibai" (the upper half is an armorless area, and the lower half is a central armored fort and armored deck protection area)

Above the armored deck and outside the armored fort are coal cabins. Another 400 tons of coal are stored under the armored deck for easy use during combat. Between the coal cabin and the side of the warship, it is filled with 4-inch thick cork and protective plate layers, 2-foot thick canvas and trouser layers, extending to the coal cabin at the bow and stern of the warship. Practice has proved that in the iron-sealed structure, the filled cork is soaked with sodium chloride, and can be flame-retardant and waterproof even if it is hit by 68 pounds of shells. The filling canvas and trouser can easily plug the leak after being penetrated by shells.

In 1875, the main designer of the Inferresheba visited the large warships under construction in Italian shipyards. On his way back, he wrote a report stating that they were poorly protective and unsuitable for combat. This also sparked a debate over the design plan of the Inferresheba. In order to calm the debate, the naval generals opposed the change of the design based on the views of warship designers, engineers and naval officers. Influenced by this incident, the warships were suspended for a year during this period, and it was not until a committee concluded that it was reopened on December 4, 1877. The committee pointed out that the warships were still reliable, but some improvements were also required to adapt to the future development trend of armored warships.

A solution to maintain the balance of warships under damage and water intake on the part above the armored deck was formulated. Because the increase in the weight of the artillery from 60 tons to 80 tons affected the balance. It is necessary to consider that good balance should be achieved after the warship is completed. Many people believe that the "Evergrande" will shake violently and can only be used as a floating water turret. Therefore, she equipped the anti-rock water tanks at the bow and stern of the ship. The pressurized water tanks on the same side are connected by water pipes, so that the water can flow from one water tank to another when the warship shakes. But later, most of them were actually used as storage rooms. Finally, all the problems of the "Evergrande" were solved and she found that she was sailing smoother than expected.

The principle diagram of the main turret shell loading of the "Yingfu Lai Xibai"

The two main turrets were the largest in the British Navy at that time, with a diameter of 33 feet and 10 inches. The armor was 9 inches in outer layer, 7 inches in inner layer, and the middle mezzanine was 18 inches teak, and the turret weighed 750 tons. It was powered by Randel hydraulic-steam system. It only took one minute to rotate. The cannon was bore-forward, causing the loading of the shells to be carried out outside the turret. The armored deck was raised here to form a slope. When the gun body was pressed down, it was lower than this slope. Here, the hydraulic push rod pushed the 16-inch shell into the barrel. The shell weighed 1,684 pounds and the bore speed was 1,590 feet per second. A 23-inch thick iron plate could be penetrated at a distance of 1,000 yards from the muzzle. The firing rate of each cannon was 2 minutes.

Steam is produced by a 12-seat boiler with a working pressure of 60 psi per square inch and is transported to a two-seat triple-expanding reciprocating engine, which drives two 20-foot-diameter twin-blade propellers to rotate at a speed of 65 rpm, pushing the warship forward at a speed of 14.25 knots. When the "Inferres" was initially tested in Stokes Bay, she installed two four-blade propellers. However, it was proved that they did not match the engine, so they were replaced with two-blade propellers. During the trial, it was also found that the boiler cabin was ventilated due to ventilation.

The poor work environment was harsh and ventilation equipment was needed. This made the warship go back to the shipyard to cut the armored deck before construction was carried out. When the "Evergrande" was completed, it was equipped with two sail masts, although it was estimated that it was unlikely to use sails during wartime. The more likely purpose was to train the reserve sailors in the fleet. By 1885, sail rigging was removed, replaced by masts equipped with circular combat watchtowers and signal lights.

The Inferres-Learnings-Bergh was launched in Portsmouth on July 5, 1881 and joined the Mediterranean Fleet in October. She fired at the Ras-el-Tin, Mex, Ada and Pharos fortresses outside Alexandria. The Inferres-Bergh fired about 88 16-inch shells, and her side volley was impressed. Although the destruction effect of the precise shooting was still lower than expected, the British Navy was still here.

The most violent one among the warships. But a 10-inch shell hit the outer armor below the waterline and exploded upwards, breaking through the deck and killing two sailors in the cabin of the ship. Based on this analysis, most of the damage to the superstructure and ship-borne boats was caused by explosions on the side. In 1885, she returned to Portsmouth for modification and then transferred to the reserve. She participated in the 1887 ship-reading style and the combat exercises in 1888 and 1889.

The "Engford" took a photo on the ship reading ceremony in 1887

In July 1890, the Invergrande Berbert arrived in Gibraltar and stayed there until November 1893. Afterwards, he returned to Portsmouth, and was used as a bay defence for the following four years. She served in reserve until 1897 and transferred to the seal in November 1901. The hull was sold and dismantled for £20,100 in September 1903.

When the "Evergrande" was first customized, her appearance and firepower attracted the attention of the outside world, just like the impact of the "Dreadnought" battleship thirty years later. But someone still asked such a question: Can she face the opponent she had estimated when she designed and win? Dr. OscarParks pointed out in his "British Battleship" article: This problem can be linked to the Chinese battleships "Zhenyuan" and "Dingyuan". These two warships with no protection on the bow and stern but equipped with a central armored fort and are very similar to the "Evergrande" are actually the "Evergrande"
Chapter completed!