.

In the current situation, Ma Zhan'ao seems to be unable to make up for the situation, but his family still hopes for a miracle to happen, and once again expressed his desire to seek peace. In the letter, he expressed his willingness to leave the Northwest and work in Beijing as a free job in order to gain the trust of the Northern Chinese government.

At this time, a breeze blew from Britain thousands of miles away, indirectly causing changes in the northwest and finally brought about a terrible storm. Twenty years later, Ma Zhongying raised the flag high and carried out the Hehuang change, which was a result of cutting the grass and not eliminating the roots.

As early as after no war, the Qing Dynasty continued to decline in internal and external difficulties. The British found that the Qing Dynasty was no longer able to take on the responsibility of a buffer state, and Russia's southward movement seemed inevitable. On New Year's Day in 1896, Major General John Arda of the London Army, a famous forward figure and the Director of Military Intelligence at the British General Headquarters at the time, submitted a suggestion to the British Foreign Office and the Ministry of Indian Affairs.

Arda's suggestion said: China is too weak to "cannot take on the role of a buffer between Russia and the northern border of India"... It will eventually annex China's Xinjiang, at least in its eastern region, and then it will "try to push its borders as far south as possible." The British government has become accustomed to using the Karakoram as India's border in the northeast,

"Generally speaking, the Karakoram Mountain forms an acceptable defensive border." However, "the natural conditions of the Karakoram Mountain, its breadth, height, extremely difficult traffic, and sparse population, make it impossible for us to alert its actual watershed. If we want to fully maintain the security of the border and collect enemy land information, we must patrol the slopes north of it (in fact, Aksaichin) and along those valleys parallel to the mountains (referring to Yarkand-Today's Dishache, and the areas upstream of the Krakash River)."

The final conclusion is that Britain should "strictly prevent our enemies from occupying these valleys parallel to the mountains and preparing to launch a sudden attack on the mountain passes." For the purpose, Britain should establish a border line that would allow Britain to have such a boundary line on its additional map, which is not along the watershed of the Karakoram, but along the peaks of a series of mountains (including the Kunlun Mountains) north of the Karakoram Mountains, according to the Alda's suggestion along the Kunlun Mountains, the Aksaichin and the upper Krakarche River in the Yarkand River were all included in India. Although his suggestion was not adopted at the time, it had always had this effect in the constant disputes over border policies.

1. Johnson Line. It seems that the "Mu Border Commission Line from 1846 to 1847" only determined the border between the Sishenti River and Pangong Lake and the border between the Pangong Lake and the Karakoram Pass still needs to be delineated. For this reason, Johnson, an official from the Indian Survey Bureau, sneaked into the southern Xinjiang region in 1865. Through "survey", he drew a map. The vast area north of Aksaichi, Qiangchenmo/north into the British-Indian Kashmir territory. The "Johnson Line" represents the proposition of the forward faction. Since then, Britain has made every effort to cultivate the Aguber regime, Johnson's proposition was shelved. But the "Johnson Line" appeared in the British territory in 1868|

2 John Alda Line. In 1891, Britain occupied the Kanjudi, which was originally a vassal state of China and was located in the throat of the traffic between Xinjiang and India. In 1893, the British representative Duran and Afghanistan drew the border between India and Afghanistan, the Duran line, in an attempt to make Afghanistan a buffer zone between Britain and Russia. Russia privately divided the Chinese land Pamir behind the Chinese government. It resolved the dispute between Britain and Russia on the Pamir issue (the strategic channel to India southward Wakhan Corridor was solved by Ah |:|. The remaining problem was to define Kashmir and China from Pamir to the northern Tibetan Plateau.

The border. Only in this way can the situation in northwest India be basically stable. There is a fierce debate within the British government around this issue. At that time, the director of the Military Intelligence Department of the British General Staff Headquarters, the forward-level representative John Arda. In view of China's new defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 and its national strength declined, it suggested to the British government in 1896 that China could no longer serve as a buffer between Britain and Russia. To defend against Russia, it should be adopted to advance towards India. Aksaichin and the upper reaches of the Yarkand and Krakash Rivers should be divided into India with Kunlun. The "John Arda Line" is similar to the "Johnson Line".

3 Ma Jiye-Doune Le Line (mentioned later). British representative to Kashgar Ma Jiye denied that Aksaichin was all Chinese territory. He proposed Aksaichin part/. It belonged to India. He reported this opinion to the British and Indian government. The UK adopted Ma Jiye's plan. In 1897, the British Minister to China Dou Ne Le formally proposed a demarcation to the Chinese government north.

...Most of Saiqin and the entire river source were allocated to China. The Linjitang depression, the entire Qiangchenmo Valley and the Chipchapu River were assigned to India. However, the Northern Chinese government ignored and recognized it.

No matter which line is, North China cannot recognize at present. Even the first line will strip away tens of thousands of square kilometers that are suitable for people in northern Tibet. Although the remaining land in Tibet is vast, it is not suitable for large-scale immigration. Without people, there is no power. Zhao Gang's ambition to drink from Ma's Indian Ocean cannot be realized.

In Zhao Gang's view, Britain's border policies are: one is to create buffer forces or buffer zones. The other is to seek the demarcation of India's external borders. It should be pointed out that Britain not only regards Tsarist Russia as the main threat to India's security, but also sometimes regards China as a threat. This is even more so when it comes to strengthening the border measures, which is another consideration for Britain to formulate border policies.

Arda's opinion is still valued in London. After all, he is the Director of Intelligence, but India's British Governor Elkin disdains Arda's unrealistic view. He retorted that Arda's practice of sitting in the office and lying on the map and making a decision on the border at will. He retorted, "We don't see any strategic benefits of pushing the border to the other side of the mountain, because the invasion of India across the mountains will not happen."

"Since China believes that Aksaichin is his, then trying to advance the border proposed by Arda will inevitably risk the tension between Britain and China. Arda hopes to prevent the Russians from moving forward. The above attempt will just accelerate the Russians' advance forward."

This is obvious, and the officers stationed in India also believed that "the frontier with this mountain is probably the most difficult area in the world to access. On the other side of the mountain is a sparsely populated and rugged land. If we advance before, it will lead to a most difficult area in the history of military transportation between us and our frontier posts. Doing so will inappropriately extend and weaken our military positions... no invaders have ever invaded India from this direction, because nature has set extremely difficult obstacles there."

How timid Britain was in the border problems at its heyday? It can be seen that the harbinger of their decline. Compared with the grand and grandeur of the great empire in Chinese history, Britain is really like a stingy wealth-guarding slave.

Although Elgin rejected Alda's suggestion, he still hoped to have a clear boundary for Russia's advancement. He wanted Britain to contact Beijing directly to resolve the border between China and Kashmir. Of course, Britain must first unify a border within itself. The next year (after a quarrel in 1898, London finally agreed to a compromise plan - Ma Jiye-Doune line, and passed the British ambassador to Beijing in 614, which was a famous bastard.

Zhao Gang's idea was that on the one hand, this line reflected the strategic considerations of Britain's enthusiasm for crossing the Karakoram Mountains to establish a border; on the other hand, it also admitted that a practical and feasible suggestion should take into account China's interests. This is like robbing someone, pulling someone's clothes, and giving people a pair of underwear. The humanitarian and shamefulness of the British and Westerners cannot surpass the concept of underwear.

The British took advantage of the situation to save Ma Zhan'ao. Zhao Gang spared no expense in handling state affairs and tried his best to use negotiations to resolve the problem in the civil war. This time was no exception. After half a month of negotiations, Ma Zhan'ao announced his surrender and the entire Ma family was disarmed.

In contrast, Ma Zhan'ao's account was one million yuan more in the Bank of China account, and Ma Fuxiang, Ma Fulu and others all had compensation ranging from hundreds of thousands to hundreds of thousands. Moreover, these people had a idle job in Beijing and had a considerable salary every year. Zhaogang used a golden bird cage to circle these people.

Unexpectedly, a few years later, North China actually invested a huge billion yuan to buy the peaceful redemption of South China. Zhao Gang's peaceful redemption policy for the Northwest became a powerful tool to solve the great cause of national unification. However, this is a later story. Let's turn our attention back to Tibet and see what happened here.

Tang Shaoyi, who is in Beijing, has long had experience in such matters, and even if he drags it to the end, he doesn't agree or disagree. Whether the bastard gets angry or intimidated, it is all a study. Dou Nale is also a bully who bullies the weak and is afraid of the strong. Through channels, he knows that Tang Shaoyi is really difficult, and there are precedents of violently beating the Russian ambassador (the matter of Zhao Gang is counted on Tang Shaoyi.) There is nothing he can do about it.

Tang Shaoyi and the gentlemanly played Tai Chi, while Zhao Gang's big stick had already been lifted up...
Chapter completed!